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The Counter-Reformation: Key Developments and the Role of the Jesuits

The Counter-Reformation was a significant movement within the Catholic Church aimed at reforming itself in the face of Protestant challenges. Key events included the Council of Trent (1545), where Catholic doctrine was reaffirmed, emphasizing the equal authority of the Bible and Church traditions, and the necessity of faith and good works for salvation. Reform-minded popes like Paul III and Paul IV played vital roles in limiting indulgences and establishing the Jesuits, a religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, focused on education and missionary work to combat Protestantism globally.

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The Counter-Reformation: Key Developments and the Role of the Jesuits

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  1. The Counter-Reformation World History - Libertyville HS

  2. Areas of Reform • Doctrine – a set of accepted beliefs of the Catholic faith • Reform minded popes • New religious order established

  3. Doctrinal Changes • Council of Trent (1545) • Bishops, cardinals reviewed Catholic doctrine • Rejected any compromise with Protestant reformers • Decisions of Council of Trent • Church interpretation of Bible is final • Need faith AND good works for salvation • Bible, Church traditions are equal authority • Indulgences are ok BUT selling false ones are banned • Seminaries established to train new priests

  4. Reform Minded Popes • Paul III • Limited indulgences • Approved Jesuit order • Paul IV • “Index of Forbidden Books” – burned books that were considered “dangerous” to Catholics • Re-constituted Inquisition as anti-Protestant tool

  5. Religious Order: Jesuits • “Society of Jesus” • Founder = Ignatius of Loyola (Spanish – 1491-1556) • Founded Society in 1522 • Wrote Spiritual Exercise: day by day plan of meditation, prayer, study • Many followers • 1540 – Pope made Jesuits an official religious order

  6. Jesuit Order • Main activities • Found schools and educate Catholics • Educated many royal, noble children • Missionary work around world, converting non-Catholics • Stopping the spread of Protestantism (“Soldiers of Christ”)

  7. Successes of Jesuits • Organized along military lines • Rigorously trained and educated members became confessors, teachers to monarchs and princes • Were examples to the rest of the Catholic world as the best of the Catholic Church • Helped stop the spread of Protestantism in Germany, Poland, Hungary , France • Missionary work in New World, Asia

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