Do Now: Copy HW & Take a packet Put WEATHER REVIEW HW on DESK Earth Science Text Book HW:

1. Do Now: Copy HW & Take a packet Put WEATHER REVIEW HW on DESK Earth Science Text Book HW: Monday: Read p 300-305 Q’s 1-4 Tuesday: Read p 280 to 282 Q’s 1-5 Wednesday: Test Corrections Thursday: Ground water practice problems Friday: Lab Quiz Today, No HW  Extra Help: Thursday Morning & Lunch A days

2. Water Cycle • The process through which water is continuously circulating between the atmosphere and ground

3. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION runoff Evaporation Evaporation infiltration infiltration runoff infiltration The Water (Hydrologic) Cycle -all the ways that water vapor enters the air Condensation Animal Respiration Transpiration

4. Groundwater • Water that has infiltrated below the ground surface and is stored in pore spaces. Water Table

6. -When precipitation hits the ground it will either infiltrate earth’s surface, run off, or evaporate. • -Infiltration can occur if the surface is permeable and unsaturated, and if the land is gentle enough. • -The rate of infiltration is determined by the porosity and permeability of the soil.

10. Elements of the Water Budget P All the PRECIPITATION that falls in one month

11. Elements of the Water Budget P All the PRECIPITATION that falls in one month EP Potential Evapotranspiration The ENERGY available to evaporate water

13. Elements of the Water Budget P All the PRECIPITATION that falls in one month EP The ENERGY available to evaporate water P- EP If P-EP > 0, then.... If P-EP < 0, then.... There’s energy that can still evaporate more water There’s water left over When water is left over after evaporation, it can do either of 2 things..... Left over energy can “look” for more water.....(where?) Soak into the ground (“infiltrate”) “Run off” in streams In the soil! (called “Storage”)

14. Draw this diagram in your notes • Label pore spaces and saturated zone and the zone of aeration, and the water table

15. Zones of Soil Water

16. Soil water movement

17. Porosity • Porosity is the amount of open space between soil particles • Porosity depends on how tightly packed particles are. • It also depends on particle shape and how well they are sorted

18. Porosity • Percent of open space in a material.

19. Factors that Effect Porosity • Shape • Sorting • Packing • Particle size does not effect porosity

20. Porosity Particle Shape Shape • Angular particles have lower porosity • Rounder particle have higher porosity

21. Porosity Particle sorting Sorting • Well sorted particles have higher porosity

22. Porosity Packing Packing • Loosely packed particles have higher porosity.

23. 35% 35% 35% High Porosity Low Small Large Particle Size • If shape, sorting and packing are the same for samples with different sizes but uniform shapes porosity will be the same.

24. Do Now: Focused Free Write • Consider two uniform samples of round sediments, Sample A are .5cm in diameter and Sample B are 2.0cm in diameter. Both samples are packed evenly, which sample has more porosity? Explain your reasoning.

25. Permeability • Permeability is the ability of water to pass through the soil. • The more open and interconnected the spaces are between the particles the greater the permeability rate.

26. Permeability Infiltration Permeability

27. Permeability • Impermeable soil refers to soil that water CAN NOT Infiltrate (seep through). If the ground is IMPERMEABLE the water will become RUNOFF. • Rapid = Permeable • No flow = impermeable • Depends on interconnectedness of pore spaces.

28. Runoff • Water that does not infiltrate the soil. • Runoff occurs when the soil is saturated, the slope is steep or the ground is impermeable. Runoff refers to the water that is not evaporated, and that does not soak into the ground. It is the water we find in streams.

29. Runoff Permeability Permeability

30. High Permeability Low Small Large Particle Size B. Factors Affecting Permeability • Size: Large particles have higher permeability. • Clay is nearly impermeable

31. B. Factors Affecting Permeability Soil Capacity: The amount of water that soil can hold, based on the porosity. Saturated soil: pore spaces between soil particles are completely filled with water Unsaturated soil: some pore space between soil particles are filled with air, so there is still room for water to infiltrate The degree of saturation of the soil: the more saturated the soil already is , the less infiltration.

32. B. Factors Affecting Permeability 3. Slope of the land- steeper the slope (gradient) the less infiltration.

34. Permeability Slope of land Permeability

35. Permeability Amt of Veg Permeability and Vegetation • Vegetation Growing on the Soil • Vegetation: any plant life • Plant roots help create pathways for water to flow through into the ground.

37. Infiltration rate Infiltration rate Permeability Slope Porosity Infiltration rate Soil Storage Saturation INFILTRATION Infiltration refers to water soaking into the ground: Infiltration rate

38. Do Now: Take a lab from the Do Now Desk -HW on desk -Read the lab quietly to yourself

39. Capillary Action Capillarity- attractive force between water and soil particles that prevents some of the water from moving downward. -The movement of water against the force of gravity The greater the surface area, the greater the capillarity, therefore it always depends on particle size. Smaller particles have more surface area and therefore more capillary action. Capillarity is why some water is retained in the intermediate belt in the diagram below called the capillary fringe.

40. Capillarity • The ability of water to rise in small openings of soil or other materials, due to the forces of adhesion and cohesion. • The smaller the particles the greater the capillarity. High Capillarity Low Small Large Particle Size

41. Do Now: • Check board for name, please hand in missing progress reports • Focused free write: • Define capillary action, which particle size has the greatest potential for capillary action? Why?

44. % P = amount of water poured in (row 3) 300 mL

45. RUNOFF & STREAM DISCHARGE

46. Streams: natural channels which allow water to flow downhill

47. DISCHARGE VOLUME OF WATER FLOWING PAST A SPOT IN A GIVEN AMOUNT OF TIME

48. A. Sources of water for streams: • 1. • 2. precipitation groundwater

49. Factors Affecting Runoff and Stream Discharge Stream discharge- volume of water flowing past a certain spot in a stream in a specific amount of time. - most runoff gets into streams and as runoff increases, discharge increases

50. Runoff Vs. Discharge Discharge Runoff