Eastern Orthodoxy

1. Eastern Orthodoxy Alex Edquist and Michelle Story Period 6

2. Chronology • 589 CE- The filioque clause in a certain ritual prayer of the Romans begins to drive the Roman Church from the Byzantine Church, as it implied that Jesus was equal to God, while the Byzantines thought that God was superior to Jesus. • 754 CE- The Pope is forced to turn to the Frankish for aid, as he was unable to communicate with the patriarch (head of the church) in Byzantium. • 787 CE- The Seventh Ecumenical Council allows the use of icons in the church and begins to more deeply divide the Western (Roman) and Eastern (Greek/Constantinople) churches. • 800 CE- The Pope crowns Charles the Great as Holy Roman Emperor, which is not confirmed by Byzantium. This further divides the eastern and western branches of the Christian Church.

3. Chronology • 988 CE- Vladimir, the Prince of Kiev, is baptized and brings Christianity to Russia. • 1054 CE- The Great Schism occurs when Pope Leo IX demands that Cerularius of Constantinople acknowledge Rome’s superior position and Cerularius refuses, resulting in both leaders excommunicating each other from their churches. The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches are officially separated. • 1204 CE- Catholic crusaders conquer and destroy Constantinople. • 1326 CE- Moscow becomes an important city when the head of the Russian Orthodox church moves the religious capital there. • 1438 CE- Orthodox leaders from Constantinople meet in the Council of Florence to attempt to resolve theological differences between the two churches, especially concerning the question of the filioque. The churches are temporarily reunified.

4. Chronology • 1484 CE- The patriarch of Constantinople repudiates the Council of Florence, making the split between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches final. • 1453 CE- The Ottomans capture Constantinople, and Moscow begins to see itself as the logical replacement as the head of the Orthodox church—or as the third Rome (Constantinople was a ‘second Rome’). • 1490 CE- The Judaizing Heresy, which challenged the divinity of Jesus and the Holy Spirit, is brutally put down in Russia under Ivan the Great. • 1556 CE- St. Basil’s Cathedral is built in Moscow. • 1700 CE- Peter the Great makes the previously independent Eastern Orthodox church a ‘government department’ headed by a college of senior clergy called the Holy Synod.

5. Important People in Orthodox History Peter the Great Pope Leo IX (above) and Michael Cerularius (below) Charles the Great Vladimir of Kiev

6. Regional Impact: Eastern Europe

7. Regional Impact : Eastern Europe

8. Regional Impact: Eurasia

9. Regional Impact : Eurasia

10. Regional Impact: Middle East

11. Regional Impact : Middle East

12. Eastern Orthodox Art St. Basil’s Cathedral Moscow “Ascension of Christ” fresco Byzantium Metropolitan Cathedral Romania

13. Change Over Time • Before 550 CE, Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism began as the same religion. Constantinople had replaced Rome as the capital of the Roman (now Byzantium) empire, but Rome was still the religious capital of Christianity. • After 550 CE, differences in theology and arguments about whether Constantinople and Rome shared religious power, or whether Rome and the Pope were superior began to divide the Christianity of the two cities, but they were still considered the same religion. The great distance between these two cities helped lead to the beginning of separation. • Between 600 CE and 1100 CE, the emerging Eastern Orthodox view of Christianity began to spread from Constantinople to Greece, Russia, and other areas of Eastern Europe.

14. Change Over Time • In 1054, the Great Schism occurred, and, thereafter, the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches were considered separate. However, they were briefly reunited in 1439 after the Second Council of Florence, when Catholic and Orthodox leaders met in Florence, Italy, but this unity did not last. • In 1453, Moscow replaced Constantinople as the head of the Orthodox church after the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople, and the center of Eastern Orthodoxy shifted from Turkey and Greece (which fell under Turkish and therefore Islamic rule) to Russia. • The church was independent of the Russian government until the reign of Peter the Great in the early 1700s, when he made it an extension of his government to support his rule. It remained that way until the Russian Revolution in 1917.

15. Spread of Eastern Orthodoxy

16. Comparison Eastern Orthodoxy More spiritual Static/reluctant to change doctrines God the father is the supreme being, Jesus the son and the holy spirit beneath him Deification (goal is for you to become like god) All bishops are equal, there is no one single head of the church All icons are two-dimensional Roman Catholicism More practical, reasoning Dynamic/beliefs can change over time God the father, Jesus the son, and the holy spirit are all equal and of the same spirit Salvation (goal is for your impure soul to be saved by god) Church is headed by a Pope considered infallible Statues, three-dimensional representations Monotheistic Believed Jesus was the Messiah and died so believers could go to heaven Have Seven Sacraments Main holy text is the Bible Worship in churches

17. Comparison Moscow Jerusalem Mecca Moscow was made prominent due to religion, similar to Jerusalem in Israel and Mecca in Arabia

18. Comparison Protestant Reformation The Great Schism Orthodoxy split off due to minor differences from the parent religion, similar to Sunni and Shi’ite Islam and, later, Protestant and Catholic Christianity. These splits happened because of geographical and political differences in the areas the religions were in. Sunni/Shi’ite Split

19. Comparison Was eventually centered geographically away from its place of founding (moved from Constantinople to Russia) similar to Buddhism (India to East Asia) and Christianity as a whole (the Middle East to Europe) due to leaders’ adoption of the faith (Christianity) or gradual spread by cultural diffusion and trade (Orthodox and Buddhism). Mediterranean to Russia Middle East to Europe India to East Asia

20. Comparison Cathedrals, St. Peter’s Basilica Islamic Art, Dome of the Rock Hindu Temples It inspired great works of art and architecture in the form of beautiful places of worship, similar to just about every other religion, and God was never represented directly in art, which is similar to Islam.

21. Comparison Henry VIII Peter the Great Ismail Peter the Great made it Russia’s state religion to consolidate his own power, similar to how Henry VIII in England adopted Protestantism for his own gain and how Ismail of the Safavids used Shi’ism to gain power.

22. Impact on Today’s World • Today, Orthodoxy is a spiritual guidance for people. • Some people use the books written for Orthodoxy as a guideline of the right way to live. • Orthodoxy helps unify people with the same beliefs under one church. • Orthodoxy helps people have the personal experience of truth that they desire in the Orthodox Religion. • Orthodoxy helps the religious followers achieve salvation; which is their overall goal in life. • The people of the Orthodox religion tend to think more abstract about different issues. • Orthodox people also tend to me more educational in the area of science and philosophy.

23. Jobs Performed • Michelle Story: PIRATES impacts by region, modern impacts • Alex Edquist: Chronology, comparisons/change over time, images

24. Works Cited • http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=668&letter=J • http://www.historyworld.net • http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/reading/filioque.html • http://www.irondequoitcatholic.org/index.php/St/VladimirOfKiev • http://www.stpaulsirvine.org/html/TheGreatSchism.htm • http://www.iconsexplained.com/iec/iec_idb2g.htm