Dynamic Planet ( B & C) Earth’s Fresh Waters

1. Dynamic Planet (B & C) Earth’s Fresh Waters Gary Vorwald NYS Division B & C 2012 Rock & Mineral Supervisor Paul J. Gelinas JHS gvorwald@3villagecsd.org

2. Event Description • Participants will use process skills to complete tasks related to Earth’s fresh waters • A team of up to 2 • Approximate time: 40 – 50 Minutes

3. Event Parameters • Participants may bring one four (4) 8.5 x 11” double-sided pages of notes • Information can be in any form and from any source • Each team may bring two (2) non-graphing calculators

4. The Competition • Participants will be presented with one or more tasks, many requiring the use of process skills • Scope of event includes Rivers and Streams, Lakes, and Ground Water

5. Topics • Fresh Water Features on USGS topographic maps

6. Stream Drainage Systems: Stream Order (new 2012) • Stream order is a measure of the relative size of streams. Stream sizes range from the smallest, first-order, to the largest, the twelfth-order (the Amazon River). • Over 80% of the total length of Earth's rivers and streams are headwater streams (first- and second-order). • As water travels from headwater streams toward the mouth of mighty rivers, streams gradually increase their width and depth. Discharge also increases.

7. Stream Drainage Patterns

8. Parts of a River(Main channel, tributaries)

9. Watersheds

10. Channel Types: braided, meandering, straight Straight Channel Braided River Meandering Channel

11. Calculations of Sinuosity (new 2012) • Calculating Sinuosity Sinuosity (P) is calculated as the ratio of the channel length (lc) to the distance of the valley (lv): P = lc / lv • To measure channel length, use a piece of string to measure the length of the channel, being sure to include all bends of the channel. Then use the string to measure the length of the valley, using the contour lines on the map to make sure you stay within the valley. • Calculate sinuosity by dividing channel length by valley length measured on the map. Stream Characteristics Lab http://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/activities/14005.html

12. Sediment: Transportation • Stream Load

13. Sediment: forms and sizes

14. Sediment: Deposition & Erosion • Factors: size, shape, density • Stream velocity decreases • Inside Meander • Delta’s and Alluvial Fans

15. Particle Diameter & Stream Velocity

16. Factors that Affect Rate of Deposition • Water Velocity – as velocity increases, settling rate decreases • Size – as size increases, settling rate increases • Shape – as particle becomes more spherical, rate increases • Density – as density increases, rate increases

17. Horizontal & Vertical Sorting

18. Floodplain Features

20. River Valley Forms & Processes • Geology • Gradient • Base Level • Dynamic Equilibrium

21. Waterfalls & Nick points

22. Stream Capture (Piracy) • The stream on the right has a steeper gradient than the stream on the left. At the red arrow, headward erosion is wearing into the divide separating the left stream system from the right stream system. • Eventually, this stream may cut through the divide and "capture" the headwaters, diverting them into the stream system on the right. STREAM PIRACY has occurred. http://www.aegis.jsu.edu/mhill/phylabtwo/lab9/trellf.html

23. Delta’s & Fans

24. Alluvial Fans

25. Mississippi Delta

26. Stream Flow & Discharge Stream Gauge

27. Perennial vs Intermittent Stream Flow • Stream Flow Calculations • http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms51.cfm • Recurrence Intervals – probability of event occurring, such as 100 year flood • Chezy Equation (for flow velocity) and Manning co-efficient (Div C) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9zy_formula

28. Groundwater • Aquifers • Water Table & Groundwater Zones

29. Confining beds • Hydraulic Gradient • Recharge/Discharge • Interactions between surface and groundwater

30. Water Table Contours and flow lines

31. Porosity & Permeability • Porosity – percent pore space in an aquifer

32. Permeability – ability of a material (aquifer) to transmit fluids

33. Aquifers

34. Capillarity

35. Karst features • Sinkholes, caves, disappearing streams, springs, solution valleys

36. Lake Formation & Types Volcanic Lake (Crater Lake) Rift Valley Lakes

37. Types of Lakes (cont) Glacial Lakes: finger lakes, Great Lakes, cirque lakes (tarn); kettle lakes; moraine dammed lakes

38. Great Lakes Kettle Lake Tarn Finger Lakes: Moraine dammed lakes

39. Earthquake Lake – landslide from earthquake dammed river

40. Lake Features: Inflow & Outflow

41. Lake Features: Stratification • Lake stratification is the separation of lakes into three layers: • Epilimnion - top of the lake. • Metalimnion (or thermocline) - middle layer that may change depth throughout the day. • Hypolimnion - the bottom layer. • The thermal stratification of lakes refers to a change in the temperature at different depths in the lake, and is due to the change in water's density with temperature.

42. Physical & Chemical Properties of Lakes • Physical Variations • Light Levels • Temperature • Currents • Water Clarity (Turbidity) • Chemical Variations • Dissolved Oxygen • Nutrients • Nitrogen • Phosphorous • pH

43. Lake Features: Waves & Shorelines • Lake Michigan Waves Lake Shoreline

44. Wetlands: bogs & marshes

45. Destruction/Effects of Land Use • Dams • Levees Effects: sedimentation, down-cutting, diversion of water, flooding, ecological changes

46. Hydrologic Cycle

47. Water Budgets • Precipitation • Runoff • Evaporation • Storage

48. Water Budget Graphs

49. Pollution • Types, sources, transport

50. Coaching Tips:Selecting Participants • Choose team members from different grade levels to avoid having to train a completely new team the following year. • Team members can divide up the concepts and become experts on them. • Both should collaborate on developing a notebook and notes sheets