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The Systems Approach 1. Set goals and objectives 2. Abstract Modeling

This text explores the systems approach to problem-solving, covering topics such as goal-setting, abstract modeling, decision-making, implementation design, and maintenance. It also delves into system management, system identification, and the scientific method. The book discusses various models and techniques, including differential equations, catastrophe models, optimization, linear programming, and statistical inference.

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The Systems Approach 1. Set goals and objectives 2. Abstract Modeling

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  1. The Systems Approach 1. Set goals and objectives 2. Abstract Modeling -identify system elements -define system inputs and outputs -describe system interactions -identify possible solutions -feasibility study -compute expected outputs for various strategies 3. Decision 4. Implementation Design • Implementation • Evaluation 7. Maintenance

  2. System Management System System Identification System Environment Environmental Inputs (Exogenous variables) Desired Outputs Undesired Outputs (Externalities) System Design Parameters Controllable Inputs

  3. The Scientific Method 1. Observe • Develop a hypothesis (Induction) -Propose causal association or process • Test hypothesis (Deduction) -Test by evaluating consequences 4. Test theories or laws (prediction and control) Induction – developing generalities from specifics All the furry creatures I’ve seen are mammals. Thus, all furry creatures are mammals. Deduction – predicting specifics from generalities All furry creatures are mammals. This new creature is furry. Therefore, this new creature is a mammal.

  4. The 8 Steps of Management 1. Set Goals 2. Examine the Resource 3. Analyze the Situation and set Objectives 4. Prescribe a treatment (and evaluation plan) 5. Organize Personnel and Resources 6. Implement • Evaluate the Results 8. Maintain • Publish or Communicate Results (even if negative)

  5. Goals - broad statement of desired outcome of management • Healthy ecosystem • Good fishing • Productive forest • Safe water • Objectives – specific targets to reach goal. Objectives are SMART • Specific • Measurable • Achievable (sometimes Action-oriented) • Related to goal (sometimes Realistic, Results-focused) • Time-Bound • Example: To reduce mercury concentration in drinking water supply for Lansing from 10 ppb to 5 ppb by 2010 • Another key is that objectives do not include “how” to get to the specified targets. That is part of the management prescription

  6. Differential Equations Difference Equations Catastrophe models Topological Dynamic Optimization Matrix Linear Programming Dynamic Program. Non-linear searches Model Families Leslie matrix Markov models Statistical Stochastic Univariate inferential Multivariate inferential Exploratory Estimation (sample design) Regression Linear models Non-linear models Distribution models Adapted from Economic-Ecological Modeling. Edited by L. C. Braat and W. F. J. Van Lierop. Page 40.

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