“WELCOME TO THE MACHINE”

1. “Welcome my son, welcome to the machine.Where have you been? It's alright we know where you've been.” -Pink Floyd “WELCOME TO THE MACHINE”

2. Changes and Solutions How did the People React to the Economic and Social Changes Of the Industrial Revolution?

3. How did the factory system affect living conditions in Europe?

4. Vocabulary • Free Enterprise • Humanitarians • Utilitarianism • Strike • Unions • Collective Bargaining • Adam Smith • Thomas Malthus • David Ricardo • Charles Dickens • Jeremy Bentham • John Stuart Mill

5. Welcome to the Machine • Before the Introduction of new machines • Several years spent as an apprentice • More time was taken to make products • Skilled workers (usually men) • After new machines were introduced • People could learn to perform a task or operate a machine in just a few days • No need for skilled workers anymore, women and children could perform the tasks • Low wages • Unsafe working conditions

6. The wage system • Factory owners wanted to produce goods as fast and cheap as possible • More workers = lower wages • Acquired skills and were paid accordingly • Few opportunities for advancement in the factory system

7. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

8. In the Early Year of Ind. Rev. workers faced many hardships • Low wages- starvation level • Long hours - 16hrs. A day • Child Labor- from age 5 • Women paid less than men • Factories- poor lighting and unsanitary • Machines lacked proper safety mechanisms • Technology increased, unemployment increased

10. System of laissez fair (Govt. should not interfere with industry) • Social Darwinism- only the strongest in society will survive and will make the society stronger • Capitalism and free enterprise are the key to economic growth • Adam Smith Wealth of Nations • No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable. • Adam Smith • Poverty was thought to be inevitable • Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo

11. Critical Thinking • What might be the long term effects of Laissez fair capitalism? • Why do some advocate it? • Why do some fear it?

12. Thomas Malthus • Population growth willoutpace the food supply. • War, disease, or faminecould control population. • The poor should have less children. • Food supply will then keep up with population.

13. David Ricardo • “Iron Law of Wages.” • When wages are high,workers have morechildren. • More children create alarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.

14. HOW GREEN WAS MY VALLEY(1941) Directed by John Ford Oliver! Movies

15. Reaction against factory system • Luddites- radicals against machinery • Socialism- workers should control factory • Communism- workers control entire society (govt., Business etc.) • Religious movements- Social Gospel • Philanthropy- Donations from the wealthy Andrew Carnegie

16. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms]. Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

17. The Neo-Luddites Today

18. Writing Assignment: A Brave New World? • The year is 1824, the Industrial Revolution is in full swing. Towns have become cities overnight. The cities are over crowded. Crime, poverty, pollution, and garbage are every where you look. Yet at the same time, these same cities are generating great wealth and great advances. • In the lower class neighborhoods of the city the average working family in the city barely has enough to eat. The average life expectancy is 15yrs. The average worker works over 12 hrs. a day, six days a week. They take home barely enough to live on. It is common for entire families (men, women, and children 5yrs. & older) to work in factories. Workers live in crowed tenement houses with poor sanitary conditions. • In areas just outside of the industrial centers, in higher class neighborhoods, are wealthy mansions filled with every available convenience. The Business owners are living better lives than ever before. Business competition is industrial growth. This industrial growth is driving art, architecture, technology, science and medicine forward at a faster rate than ever before. Hospitals, museums, architectural wonders, and other cultural landmarks are being created with the accumulation of wealth. • Choose one of the following people: A wealthy middle class factory owner, a poor factory worker, a landlord of a city apartment building, a police officer working in the city, a wealthy nobleman of an estate, a union leader, a communist, or a socialist. Write a letter to the British Government supporting your ideas of making the city a better place. Be sure to describe your living conditions and explain what you would like the government to do about it. Is the government responsible for the cities? Are they doing too much or not enough to end the problems of city life? • Your written work should be at least 2 pages in length. Use and underline at least eight terms from chapter 13 and chapter 14. Remember to use proper punctuation and good grammar. Make sure your work is in an essay form.

19. AIM: How did the early industrial workers seek to improve their lives? Solutions to labor discontent

20. Labor Unions • Collective bargaining –change conditions • Demands for improved wages, hours, and benefits • Settlement of labor disputes • Peaceful Methods • Collective bargaining • Mediation- 3rd party suggests • Arbitrary- 3rd party imposes • Weapons of employees (workers) • Strike • Boycott- stop using products from company • Picket • Publicity • Weapons of employers • Lockout workers • Injunction • Scabs • Publicity

21. Law changing by democratic means • The Social Reformers • End of laissez faire by government passing laws • Wages and hours laws • Social security • Welfare System • Charities

22. The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill • The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number. • There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetynet.

23. Government Response • Abolition of slavery in the coloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]. • Sadler Commissionto look intoworking conditions • Factory Act[1833] – child labor. • New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. • Poor houses. • Reform Bill[1832] – broadens thevote for the cities.

24. Government Response • The Sadler Committee Report(1832) • Testimony Gathered by Ashley's Mines Commission • Chadwick's report on sanitary problems

25. Critical Thinking • After reading the testimonies of the Sadler Commission what was the strategy of the lawyers presenting the children? • Why did the lawyers use this strategy?

26. Forcing Change • INCREASE OF CRIME • Drug abuse Alcohol Political change • Socialism- govt. should own the means of production • Communism – Overthrow of capitalism by violent means

27. How did Socialism seek to change the capitalists system? An analysis of the Socialist theories

28. Socialism • Uneven distribution of wealth disturbed many people. • Some reformers advocated a new political and economic system called socialism. • Under socialism, governments own the means of production and operate them for the benefit of all people, rich and poor • Goal: to build a better community (Utopia)

29. Robert Owen-(1771-1858) most influential utopian socialist in Great Britain. Owned his own spinning mill Felt responsible for his workers Tried to make lives of his workers comfortable. Built homes, set up schools and provided inexpensive food and clothes. Utopians

30. Karl Marx • 19th century philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. • Often called the father of communism. • Published The Communist Manifesto in 1848 with fellow German Friedrich Engels. • Communism- Governments that owned the means of production and controlled all economic planning.

31. Marxist Theory: Communism • Economic conditions determine history (history struggle between haves and have-nots) • Capitalists rule for their own benefit (Bourgeoisie) • Proletariat (working class) are exploited by capitalists • A working class struggle will eventually overthrow capitalism – to create a classless society • Socialism is inevitable

32. Errors of Marx • History is influenced by religious, national, and economic forces • Workers can improve lives under capitalism • Under socialism people lose incentive to work • Communism becomes totalitarian and leads to poor economic planning

33. Leninism • Communism- by revolution (violent) • A dictatorship must be established to maintain communism • Communism is Socialism managed by the Government

34. How did the Industrial Revolution affect the growth of the Social Sciences? A history of the social sciences

35. The Need for Social Studies • What problems are created by urbanization and how can we deal with them? • In order to meet the challenges of the industrial revolution’s impact upon people, societies needed to be studied.

36. The Areas of Study • Archaeology- study of ancient remains • Anthropology- study of different societies both past & present • E.B. Taylor- study of how religion evolved • James George Frazer- tried to show links between societies • Sociology- study of human relationships within society • Herbert Spencer- applied Darwin to sociology • Psychology- study of individual behavior • Sigmund Freud- unconscious and subconscious behavior • Psychoanalysis- process of studying dreams & free association