European Medieval Society

1. European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

2. Background • Middle Ages: A.D.500 – A.D.1500 • Around A.D.500 • Western Roman Empire crumbles • Germanic Tribes Invade Western Empire • Caused three major changes in society: • Disruption of Trade • Downfall of Cities (people moved to countryside) • Decline of Learning • Invaders were illiterate • Greek and Latin learning almost totally lost • Priests and Church officials were literate

3. Latin Evolves • Invaders Languages combined with Latin • Different dialects emerge • Romance (Roman-based) languages evolve • French • Spanish • Italian • Just as Latin broke up and emerged as different languages, the Western Roman Empire broke up and emerged as different empires

4. SIX DIFFERENT EMPIRES • See page 350 in your textbook • Which 6 major empires emerged from the Western Roman empire?

5. Germanic Kingdoms vs Roman Empire • Roman Empire • Citizens loyal to Rome (the Empire) • Soldiers obedient to Caesar (ruler) • One government/set of laws rules all people • Germanic Kingdoms • Citizens loyal to family and lord/tribal chief • Soldiers follow lord, not the king • No unified set of laws to govern all

6. The Franks • Modern-day France & Switzerland • Clovis (Ruler of the Franks) • Fought against other Germanic tribes • Converted to Christianity • Formed partnership with Rome & the Catholic Church

7. The Church and Germanic Society • Many Germanic people convert to Christianity • Monasteries and Convents built • Become centers for education • Benedict • Wrote rules for monasteries • Scholastica • Adopted Benedict’s rules for convents • Venerable Bede • Wrote early history of England

8. Pope Gregory I • Becomes Pope in 590 A.D. • GREATLY expands the power of the Papal office in Rome • Increased Political Power • Raised Armies • Negotiated peace treaties • Began to envision a large kingdom ruled by the church, and the Pope.

9. Charles the Hammer & Pepin the Short • Major Domo – “Mayor of the Palace” • Official office (the most powerful person in the Frankish Kingdom) • Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) • Major Domo in 719 A.D. (held more power than the Frankish King • Defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours • Pepin the Short • Negotiated with Pope to fight Lombards • Pope named Pepin “King by the Grace of God” • Beginning of Carolingian Dynasty (would rule Frankish Kingdom for 200 years)

10. CHARLEMAGNE • Pepin the Short has 2 sons • Carloman and Charles • Carloman dies – Charles inherits Frankish Kingdom • Charles known as Charlemagne • “Charles the Great” • Doubles the size of the Frankish Empire • Largest empire since unified Roman Empire • Charlemagne’s Conquests • Spread Christianity • Unified Western Europe

11. Charlemagne becomes Emperor • Charlemagne travels to Rome • Crushes an uprising against the Pope • Legend/Myth – Mobs attacking Pope Leo III in streets, trying to blind him and cut out his tongue • Charlemagne saves the Pope/crushes rebellion • Pope Leo III names Charlemagne emperor (on Christmas Day) • Pope takes authority to name emperors • Franks tied to Catholic church and legacy of Roman Empire

12. Charlemagne’s Legacy • Unified Western/Central Europe • Spread Christianity • Legend: beheaded 4500 people who wouldn’t convert to death (in one day!) • Encouraged education • Charlemagne dies – 817 A.D. • Sons divide up the kingdom • Kings lose power • Feudalism begins in Europe

13. FEUDALISM & MANORIALISM • Setting the stage • Carolingian Kings lose power • Invaders attack Europe • Muslims from south (Northern Africa) • Magyars from east (Hungary – E. Europe) • Vikings from north (Scandinavia) • Invasions create disorder and fear in Europe • Kings could not guarantee protection • People turned to local lords for protection

14. Feudalism • Important terms: • Lords • Landowners • Kings, nobles, church officials, knights • Fief • Piece of land • Vassal • Person receiving the land (fief) • Nobles, church officials, knights, peasants • SEE PYRAMID ON PAGE 361

15. Feudalism Pyramid

16. Feudalism • Kings needed military power • Promised land (fief) to nobles in exchange for military loyalty • Nobles gave land to knights in exchange for loyalty and service • Peasants needed protection from invaders • Peasants worked land in exchange for protection (Serfs – not allowed to leave)

17. Manorialism • Formed economic basis of Feudal System • Serfs/Peasants worked lord’s land • Fruits of serf labor belonged to lord • Lords provide housing and protection to serfs • “Manor” – Lord’s estate • Completely self-sufficient • Manor house • Peasant cottages • Church • Fields • Water

18. Effects of Manorialism & Feudalism • Provided social structure • Created social classes • Nobles, peasants, etc. • Provided some Stability in Europe • Harsh life for peasants/serfs • Average life expectancy – 35 years

19. KNIGHTS & CHIVALRY • Chivalry • Code of beliefs/ideals followed by knights • Followed • Earthly lord • Heavenly Lord • Protected • Lady • Weak/poor • Loyalty (to lord and Lord) • Bravery

20. CHIVALRY & KNIGHTS • Knights • “Hired” soldiers • Served wishes of lord • Fief – Vassals • Literature • Camelot/King Arthur • The Song of Roland (famous epic poem) • Troubadours • Travelling poet-musicians • Often sang of love

21. ROLE OF WOMEN • Church Views • Church was very influential • Viewed women as inferior • Noble Women • Had some power (when husband was away) • Peasant Women • Limited to raising children & household chores • Eleanor of Aquitaine • Queen of England in late 1100’s • Mother to Richard the Lion-Hearted

22. POWER OF THE CHURCH • Pope Gelasius I • Two swords created by God • Religious • Wielded by the Pope • Grants Pope authority over religious matters • Emperor should yield to the Pope on religious issues • Political • Wielded by the Emperor • Grants Emperor authority over political matters • Pope should yield to the Emperor on political issues • Two leaders could rule in harmony

23. CHURCH HIERARCHY - CLERGY

24. INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCH • Unifying Force • Common beliefs – Stability for people • Social Center – Common Holidays • Canon Law (Church Law) • Marriage & Religious practices • Church Courts • Excommunication • No salvation for exommunicant • Vassals freed of duties • Interdict • No sacraments • All people doomed to hell • TREMENDOUS POWER TO CHURCH

25. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE • Otto I • Formed close alliance with church • Pope crowns Otto Emperor • Lay Investiture • Power to name clergy • Kings can control church • Gregory VII • Bans lay investiture

26. EMPERORS & POPES CLASH • Emperor Henry IV & Pope Gregory VII • Gregory bans lay investiture • Henry demands Gregory step down • Gregory excommunicates Henry • Canossa, Italy • Henry begs for forgiveness • Gregory ends excommunication • Concordat of Worms • Compromise • Only the church can appoint bishops • Emperor can veto appointments

27. FREDERICK I • Barbarosa (Red Beard) • Named King to unite empire (1152 A.D.) • Repeatedly invades Italy • Italian merchants and Pope unite against him • Battle of Legnano • Merchants and Pope victorious (crossbows) • First time in history foot soldiers defeat knights • GERMAN STATES REMAIN SEPARATE (No unification since Charlemagne)

28. THE CHURCH & THE CRUSADES • Spiritual Age • Unified the people of Middle Ages • Spiritual revival • Monastery at Cluny • “Beginning” of church reorganization • Church Problems • Priests marrying (against the rules) • Simony – selling church offices • Lay Investiture

29. CHURCH RESTRUCTURING • Monastery at Cluny • Began the restructuring • Pope Leo IX & Pope Gregory VII • Reorganized church hierarchy • Pope – Bishops – Priests • Curia • Group of advisors to Pope • Formed Canon Law • Tithe (taxes)

30. THE FRIARS • Friar – preached to the poor • Travelling monks • Dominic & Francis of Assisi • Dominic • Spanish priest • Founded the Dominican order of Friars • Emphasized education • Francis of Assisi • Italian priest • Founded the Franciscan order of Friars • Respect for all God’s creatures • Clare & Hildegard • Founded orders for women

31. CATHEDRALS • Many worshiped in small churches • Cathedrals • Huge, ornately decorated churches • Representation of a “City of God” • Romanesque Architecture • Small windows • Dark • Gothic Architecture • Enduring legacy of the church! • Soaring

32. GOTHIC vs. ROMANESQUE

33. Romanesque

34. Romanesque

35. Gothic

36. Gothic

37. THE CRUSADES • Series of wars/battles over 300 years • Call for all Christians to capture Jerusalem from the Muslims • Muslim Turks also attacked Constantinople • Constantinople – Christian city • Pope Urban II – called for Crusades to retake the Holy Land

38. THE CRUSADES • Goals of the Crusades: • Retake Jerusalem and Constantinople • Reunite Eastern and Western church • Money/Profit

39. THE 1ST & 2ND CRUSADES • First Crusade • 1097 A.D. • 12,000 Crusaders • Attempted to retake Jerusalem • Captured the city on July 15, 1099 • Crusader states established • Second Crusade • Edessa (Crusader state) taken by Muslims • Crusaders lose (Edessa not retaken)

40. THE 3RD CRUSADE • Jerusalem captured by Saladin • Philip II(France), Frederick I (Germany), Richard the Lion-Hearted (England) • Led 3rd Crusade to retake Jerusalem • Phillip goes home • Frederick drowns • Richard battles Saladin • TRUCE (1192) • Jerusalem remains Muslim; Christians (unarmed) could freely visit

41. MORE CRUSADES • 4th Crusade • Another failed attempt to capture Jerusalem • Crusaders loot Constantinople instead - $$$ • 5th – 8th Crusades • Profit-driven • Failed to capture Jerusalem • 9th & 10th Crusades • Crusaders invade Egypt • Attempt to weaken Muslims • Unsuccessful

42. CHILDREN’S CRUSADES?? • Stephen of Cloyes (French) • 12 years old • Led 30,000 unarmed kids (<18) • Many died (cold, starvation, drowned) • Rest sold into slavery • Nicholas of Cologne (German) • Led 20,000 young adults to Rome • Only ~ 2,000 survive • Some sail towards Holy Land, but are never heard from again • Power of the Church?

43. SPANISH CRUSADE • Called the Reconquista • Spanish drive the Muslims out of Spain • Followed by the Spanish Inquisition • Infamous trialsheld by the Church • Heretics • Guilty were burned at stake • Muslims chased from Spain

44. LEGACY OF THE CRUSADES • Demonstrated the Power of the Church • Expanded trade between Europe & Southwest Asia • Weakened power of Pope • Increased power of Kings • Distrust between Muslims and Christians

45. CHANGES – Other than the Church • 1000 A.D. – 1300 A.D. • Europe’s population grows • Cultural changes • Muslim & Byzantine influence • Changes in agriculture • Changes in business • trade & finance

46. Agricultural Changes • Need for FOOD • More people = Need for more food! • Europeans able to increase farm production • Warmer climate • New farmland available (too cold previously) • New agricultural methods • Horses take the plow • Oxen previously used – Horses could plow 3x faster • Three field system • Farmers use 3 fields instead of two = MORE FOOD • EFFECTS • More food = Healthier population = Longer Life • Resulted in rapid population growth • Death Rate decreases, Life span increases = Population increases

47. Changes in Business • GUILDS • Organization of individuals in the same trade • Merchant Guilds • 1st guilds • Could keep prices high • Craft Guilds • Standards for their crafts • Working conditions • Wages • Quality of Work (breadmakers)

48. Craft Guilds • Apprentice • Trained by & lived with Master (2-7 years) • Parents paid Master for training • When trained, became . . . • Journeyman • Worked for Master (paid salary) • Had to produce masterpiece and apply to guild to become . . . • Master • Owned his own shop • Worked with other Masters

49. More Changes in Business • Commercial Revolution • Expansion of Trade & Business • Fairs • Allowed trade of goods from distant lands • Expanded “banking” ---- Credit between merchants • MORE GOODS = MORE WORKERS NEEDED • Serfs move to towns – work • Free after living in a town for 1 year • Towns’ populations grow • Towns become Cities • Towns/Cities dangerous and dirty • More on this later

50. Changes in Culture • Renewed Interest in Learning • Muslim & Byzantine Libraries • Volumes of works by Greek Philosophers • Crusaders bring back Muslim, Greek, & Byzantine knowledge • The University • Group of students meeting to study a subject • France, Italy, & England • Proper Universities appear – give Degrees • New ideas and works of literature • Dante – The Divine Comedy • Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales • Thomas Aquinas – Summa Theologicae • Combined Biblical teachings and logic (Aristotle) • Influenced future governments of W. Europe