Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic

1. Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Chapter 11

2. Essential Question? • Did Thomas Jefferson the president stay true to his Democratic-Republican beliefs? How, or why not?

3. 1800: Jefferson elected president 1801: Judiciary Act 01-05: War with Tripoli 1803: Marbury v. Madison Louisiana Purchase 1804-06: Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804: Reelected president 1806: Burr’s treason trial 1807: Chesapeake Affair Embargo Act Jefferson’s Timeline

4. Federalist and Republican Mudslingers • Federalist military spending left them vulnerable to criticism. • Federalists tried to defame Thomas Jefferson through numerous accusations: • Fathered children with a slave (true!) • Anti-Christian rhetoric

5. In the 1800 Presidential election, Jefferson became the 1st person to defeat a sitting president. Jefferson actually tied with his running mate Aaron Burr Burr refused to back down with the presidency in sight Lead to 12th Amendment When no candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, the House of Representatives decides. Jefferson called it a revolution because the people had peacefully changed the direction of the nation. The Jeffersonian “Revolution of 1800”

6. 1800 Election Results

7. Responsibility Breeds Moderation • 1st president inaugurated in DC • Inaugural address, “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” (What does he mean?) • Jefferson broke “fancy” tradition • State of the Union not delivered in person • Left many Federalists in office

8. Jeffersonian Restraint • Influenced Congress to repeal the Excise Tax • Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin lowered the federal debt. • Jefferson left many Federalist programs in place • Bank of US

9. Adams and Congress approved 16 federal judges in his last few days (Midnight Judges) New Chief Justice John Marshall carried on the Federalist ideals for 34 years! One Midnight Judge, William Marbury sued the Jefferson administration when he was not allowed to be a judge. Marbury v. Madison: single most important Supreme Court case, established Judicial Review The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary

10. Judicial Review • Not included in the Constitution • Power “assumed” by the Supreme Court • Judicial check over legislative and executive branch • Ability to declare a law or executive order unconstitutional (invalid)

11. Chief Justice John Marshall

12. Believed in a small military force Costs less $ Less chance for a coup The Barbary Pirates captured countless sailors and held them ransom. The nation of Tripoli (modern Libya) declared war when the US refused to pay the ransom. US won the war (1801-1805), freed captives Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior

13. In 1800, France gains control of Louisiana from Spain. 1803: Jefferson sends a delegation to France to buy New Orleans for $10 million. Napoleon offered the entire Louisiana Territory to the US for $15 million. Jefferson struggled with the constitutionality of the issue, but the idea of doubling the US won out. Senate approved treaty. Louisiana Purchase was the equivalent to $.03 an acre! The Louisiana Godsend

14. Louisiana in the Long View • 1804: Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the Louisiana territory • 1st whites to travel through modern Nebraska, SD, ND, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Washington and Oregon. • Discovered new lands, flora and fauna, American Indian groups • Took 2.5 years!

15. Lewis and Clark

16. The Route

17. The Aaron Burr Conspiracies • VP Burr dropped from ticket for Jefferson's 2nd term • Plotted secession schemes in New England and Louisiana • Alexander Hamilton exposed plots, Burr challenged to a duel, shot and killed Hamilton. • Tried and acquitted of treason

18. A Precarious Neutrality • Jefferson reelected in 1804 • UK and France’s war made trading difficult for US • UK practiced impressments, 6,000 US sailors forced into UK Navy • 1807: Chesapeake Incident; UK fired on US naval vessel killing 3

19. The Hated Embargo • UK and France depended on US food • Congress approves the Embargo Act which prohibited all US exports • US merchants and farmers suffer • New England talked of secession, Congress replaced the Embargo Act with the Non-Intercourse Act in 1809 (allowed trade with anyone except UK and France)

20. Why the Embargo Failed • UK began getting grain from Latin America • France had conquered enough of Europe to sustain itself. • Illegal trade flourished • Highly unpopular with Americans

21. Madison Timeline (1st Term) • 1808: Elected president • 1809: Non-Intercourse Act replaces Embargo Act • 1811: Battle of Tippecanoe • 1812: US declares war on UK

22. James Madison

23. Madison’s Gamble • Jefferson followed Washington’s tradition of serving 2 terms. • James Madison was Jefferson’s Secretary of State • Macon’s Bill #2 opened trade to UK and France; made US look weak • Eventually lead to US passing an Embargo against UK alone, UK mad!

24. Many in Congress wanted war with UK (War Hawks) War Hawks also wanted to push Indians pas the Mississippi 2 Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and “The Prophet” united all eastern Indian nations (UK supplied weapons) William H. Harrison (future president), lead a militia to Tecumseh’s base near the Tippecanoe River (Indiana), defeated Indians Pushed Tecumseh’s coalition even closer to UK; they would be allies in the War of 1812. Tecumseh and the Prophet

26. Mr. Madison’s War • War Hawks, expansionists, Republicans – Many were itching for war • Federalists and New England against • Congress declares war against UK in 1812 • New England actually lent money and food to UK!

27. Essential Question? • Did Thomas Jefferson the president stay true to his Democratic-Republican beliefs? How, or why not?