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Lab Information

Lab Information. Prepare photoresist – groups of 3 to 4 people 1 mg oil red (solvent red 27) 3.5 g isobornyl acrylate (IBA) 2.0 g 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane ( bis -GMA) 0.18 g 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone (DMPA) Wear gloves!

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Lab Information

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  1. Lab Information • Prepare photoresist – groups of 3 to 4 people • 1 mg oil red (solvent red 27) • 3.5 g isobornyl acrylate (IBA) • 2.0 g 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (bis-GMA) • 0.18 g 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone (DMPA) • Wear gloves! • Expose photoresist with UV lamp (goggles will absorb UV)

  2. Special Nanomaterials &Carbon Nanotechnology(Section 4.4.6) NANO 101 Introduction to Nanotechnology

  3. What are “special nanomaterials”? • Materials that are made using unique processes • Materials that have unique structures and/or properties • Examples:

  4. Special Nanomaterials: Outline • Micro and Mesoporous Materials • Ex. Zeolites, Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) • Core-Shell Structures • Carbon Nanotechnology • Nanotubes • Fullerenes • Other organic molecules

  5. Micro and Mesoporous Materials http://greman.univ-tours.fr/axis-3/porous-silicon-for-dummies-page-1-276071.kjsp

  6. Random Mesoporous Structures • Variety of methods of synthesis • Oxidation of metal foils using acids • Radiation-track etching • Sol-gel processing • Sol-gel processing • aerogel: 75-90% porosity • xerogel: ~ 50 % porosity

  7. Sol Gel Processing http://www-cmls.llnl.gov/?url=science_and_technology-chemistry-solgel_chemistry

  8. Crystalline Mesoporous Structures: Zeolites • Crystalline aluminosilicates • First discovered in 1756 • 34 are naturally-occurring • 3-D framework with uniformly-sized pores • Pores: ~ 0.3 – 1.0 nm in diameter • Pore volumes: ~ 0.1 – 0.35 ml/g • Applications: • Catalysts • Adsorbents/molecular sieves

  9. Crystalline Mesoporous Structures: Zeolites Various arrangements • Rings • Cages • Channels • Chains N&N Fig. 6.13 N&N Fig. 6.12 http://omnibus.uni-freiburg.de/~weisenbt/7Zeolites/ZeoliteDefinition.html

  10. MOFs • Similar to zeolites, more syntheic flexibility

  11. Core-Shell Structures • Core and shell made of two different materials • Differences: • Crystal structure (lattices, arrangements of atoms) • Physical properties • Example: one metallic, one insulating • Method of synthesis

  12. Core-Shell Structure Example: Metal-Polymer • Membrane-Based Synthesis • Metal particles trapped inside pores • Add polymer solution into pores and react • Use as ligand and polyimerize Fratoddi et al. Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:98

  13. Membrane Based Core-Shell • Au shell, polyaniline core Nano Lett. Sep 2006; 6(9): 2166–2171.

  14. Other Core-Shell • Semiconductor Passivation • More Tunability Chemistry of Materials 2011, 23, 4587–4598.

  15. Metallic conductor (graphite) Semiconductor (diamond) Insulating Polymer (hydrocarbon chains) 3-D 1-D 2-D 0-D Carbon Nanostructures Variety of properties Variety of structures

  16. Carbon Fullerenes • 0-dimensional carbon structure • Usually C60, but also refers to C70, C76, Cn (n > 60) • Every carbon site on C60 is equivalent • Bonded to three other carbons • average bond is 1.44 Å (C-C is 1.46 Å; C=C is 1.40 Å) • 20 hexagonal faces; 12 pentagonal faces • Diameter: 7.10 Å

  17. Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983): Architect, engineer, inventor; Developed the geodesic dome

  18. Synthesis of Fullerenes • Laser ablation (vaporizing graphite with a laser) • Plasma arcing of graphite or coal • Fullerenes found in the soot • Combustion synthesis • Burn hydrocarbon at low pressure http://cnx.org/contents/4a177b0e-1228-41d4-9d62-d4f0a9a3f335@1/Buckyballs:_Their_history_and_

  19. Carbon Nanotubes • Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT; SWNT) • Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT; MWNT) • Preparation: • Arc evaporation (plasma arcing) • Laser ablation • PECVD • Electrochemical methods • Addition of transition metal powder encourages SWNT growth

  20. Carbon Nanotubes • Armchair (b) Zigzag (c) Chiral

  21. Flavors of nanotubes • Armchair is metallic • Zigzag/Chiral are semiconducting (small bandgap) • Most methods produce mixture • Catalysts, sorting techniques to separate Nature512,61–64(07 August 2014)

  22. Properties of Carbon Nanotubes • Mechanical • Stiff and robust structures • C-C bonds in graphite (and nanotubes) is the one of the strongest bonds in nature • Flexible; do not break when bent • Conductivity • Extremely high thermal conductivity • Extremely high electrical conductivity • Potential Applications: • catalysis - hydrogen storage - biological cell electrodes • resistors - flow sensors - electron field emission tips • electronic/mechanical devices - scanning probe tips http://www.rps.psu.edu/hydrogen/form.html

  23. Carbon Nanotube Applications (NEMS) “Nantero is a nanotechnology company using carbon nanotubes for the development of next-generation semiconductor devices... In the field of memory, Nantero is developing NRAM™, a high-density nonvolatile Random Access Memory.” Cedric – computer made with SWNT -align nanotubes -obtain only semiconducting morphologies - 8 micron features http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-24232896 http://www.nantero.com/

  24. Carbon Nanotube Applications Gold plate ~ (100 nm)2 attached to outer shell of suspended MWCNT (on Si wafer) “electrostatically rotate the outer shell relative to the inner core” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomotor

  25. Carbon Nanotube Applications • Aligned sheet of MWNT, Thermally activated Nanotechnology 22 (2011) 435704

  26. Other Organic Molecules acetone • Small molecules • solvents • metabolites • reactants or monomers • Large molecules; “macromolecules” • biomolecules • e.g. DNA, proteins, lipids • carbon nanotubes • polymers

  27. Organic Nanotechnology http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=4343.php http://www.kurzweilai.net/butterfly-molecule-could-lead-to-new-sensors-photoenergy-conversion-devices

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