Coral Ecology, Mollusks, Echinoderms, Arthropods

3. There are 3 Types of Reefs:

4. An atollreef is a ring-shaped coral reef, island, or series of islets. An atoll surrounds a body of water called a lagoon. Sometimes, atolls and lagoons protect a central island. Channels between islets connect a lagoon to the open ocean or sea. • A barrier reef is a coral reef running parallel to the shore but separated from it by a channel of deep water. • A fringing reef is the most common and grows seaward directly from the shore. They form borders along the shoreline and surrounding islands. It has either an entirely shallow backreef zone or none at all. When a fringing reef continues to grow upward from a volcanic island that has sunk entirely below sea level, an atoll is formed. 

22. What is coral bleaching? • When corals are stressed by changes in conditions such as temperature, light, or nutrients, they expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues, causing them to turn completely white. • Can coral survive a bleaching event? If the stress-caused bleaching is not severe, coral have been known to recover. If the algae loss is prolonged and the stress continues, coral eventually dies. • https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/coral-bleaching A brain coral exhibits a pale blue hue, a result of coral bleaching. Coral polyps have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae, brightly colored microscopic algae. Pollution and climate change have been attributed to algal death, which in turn “bleaches” and kills the coral.

23. Warmer water temperatures can result in coral bleaching. When water is too warm, corals will expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white. This is called coral bleaching. When a coral bleaches, it is not dead. Corals can survive a bleaching event, but they are under more stress and are subject to mortality. • In 2005, the U.S. lost half of its coral reefs in the Caribbean in one year due to a massive bleaching event. The warm waters centered around the northern Antilles near the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico expanded southward. Comparison of satellite data from the previous 20 years confirmed that thermal stress from the 2005 event was greater than the previous 20 years combined. • Not all bleaching events are due to warm water. • In January 2010, cold water temperatures in the Florida Keys caused a coral bleaching event that resulted in some coral death. Water temperatures dropped 12.06 degrees Fahrenheit lower than the typical temperatures observed at this time of year. Researchers will evaluate if this cold-stress event will make corals more susceptible to disease in the same way that warmer waters impact corals.

25. Why are Coral Reefs Dying?Threats to Coral Reefs, Signs, Causes, Solutions Coral reefs face many threats. Some are natural stresses, such as hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons, earthquakes, or plagues of coral-eating predators like the crown of thorns starfish, about which we can do little. These stresses usually are very episodic or irregular in both space and time, and really healthy reefs will recover from them over time. In a completely different category are the human caused stresses to reefs. These stresses are persistent and constantly intensifying.

26. Phylum Mollusca

27. The Foot • Molluscs - Soft bodies usually covered by shell for protection • Body made of two parts • The Foot • Used for movement • Contains the mouth and sensory organs

28. Visceral Mass Body made of two parts • The Visceral Mass • Contains circulatory, digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems

29. More Anatomy • Mantle: part that secretes the shell • Mantle Cavity:space between mantle & body • Radula: tissue in mouth that contains teeth and is used in feeding.

30. (no matter what kind of mollusc, they all have the same body parts)

31. The 5 Classes of Phylum Mollusca • Class Polyplacophora: Chitons

32. The 5 Classes of Phylum Mollusca • Class Scaphopoda: Tusk Shells

33. The 5 Classes of Phylum Mollusca • Class Gastropoda: Snails & Nudibranch

34. The 5 Classes of Phylum Mollusca • Class Bivalvia: Clams, Mussels, Scallops

35. The 5 Classes of Phylum Mollusca • Class Cephalopoda: Squid, Octopus, Cuttlefish, Nautilus