Body- Organs Systems

1. Body- Organs Systems The Human Body Video

2. Organization of Your Body There are four levels of organization, it is called a HIERARCHY. 1. Cells; 2. Tissues; 3. Organs; 4. Organ Systems. Bodies of vertebrates (animals with spines) are composed of different cell types 2

3. Levels Of Organization CELLS ATOMS TISSUES ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANS ORGANISM

4. Organization of Your Body Organization Structure Diagram Smallest Level Largest Level 5

5. Organization of Your Body 1. **You have enough basic information on what a Cell is, so lets move on… 2. Tissues:are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. Intro Cells & Tissues Video In adult vertebrates, there are four primary tissues: -Epithelial, -Connective, -Muscle, -Nerve Tissue. All preform different bodily functions, thus are different cells. 3

6. Epithelial Tissue • Epithelial Tissue: • Separates, protects, and keeps organs in place. • Covers the body surface and forms the lining of most organs. • Ex: Skin (epidermis), & inside of mouth The Skin Video (5 min) • Layer of skins 6

7. Connective Tissue • Connective Tissue- • Provides support and structure to the body, also fills spaces. • The most abundant tissue in the human body.  • Ex: Blood, bones, cartilage, and fat. Bones & Cartilage Video (3 min)

8. Organization of Your Body 3. Organs: are combinations of different tissues that form a structural and functional UNIT. Any organ that is essential to life is called a vital organ. Examples: • Heart - Pumps blood throughout the body. • Liver - Removes toxins from the blood, produces chemicals that help in digestion. • Lungs - Supplies oxygen to the blood and removes CO2 from blood. • Brain - The control center of the body. 4

9. Organization of Your Body 4. Organ systems: are groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body. -The vertebrate body contains 11 principal organ systems. • Prepare yourself to name some systems after the film.

10. The 11 Human Body Systems The 11 human body systems are as follows: -- nervous system-- integumentary system -- respiratory system-- digestive system -- excretory/Urinary-- skeletal system -- muscular system-- circulatory system -- endocrine System -- reproductive system -- lymphatic (immune) system All are extremely important because each system is responsible for a specific cellular function, just on a much larger scale.

11. Overview of Organ Systems Organ systems communicate, integrate, support and move, maintain and regulate, defend, reproduce the body. • Communicate outside environment changes: -Three organ systems detect external stimuli and coordinate the body’s responses - Nervous, sensory and endocrine systems • Support and movement: -The muscular and skeletalsystem consists of two interrelated organ systems 40

12. Regulation and maintenance: -Four organ systems regulate and maintain the body’s chemistry; called HOMEOSTASIS. (happy, stable internal system, fluid, temperature, and pH levels) Digestive, circulatory, respiratory and excretory systems. • Defense: -The body defends itself with two organ systems: Integumentary and immune. • Reproduction and development -The Reproductive system. 41

13. Muscular System Your muscles control all movements of the body tissues, organs and bones.

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15. The Muscular System Purpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body -- muscle cells are fibrous -- muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary Major Muscles in the Human Body -- biceps -- triceps -- deltoids -- glutes -- hamstrings

16. Major Tissues of the Muscular System • Your body has • three types of • Muscle tissue. • skeletal muscle • smooth muscle • cardiac muscle

17. Types of Muscles Skeletal Muscles: enables bones to move Smooth Muscle: moves food through the digestive system Cardiac Muscle: pumps blood around the body. Cardiac muscle is only in your heart.

18. Some Muscles work in Pairs Examples: biceps and triceps or quadriceps (front of your leg) and hamstring (back of your leg) The pairs are called: Flexors: bicep contracts you bend your arm, flexors fold Extensors: triceps contracts to straighten your arm, extensors straighten

19. Overview of Major Organ Systems 43

20. Neurons/Nerves: Specialized cells that transfer electrical messages through the body. Dendrites receive sensations and send the information along the axon to the synapses/axon terminals where it transfers the information to another cell.

21. The Nervous System Purpose: to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment (electrical impulse) Major Organs and Their Functions Brain–control center Sends and receives messages -- cerebrum -controls though and senses -- cerebellum - controls motor functions Spinal Cord–Middle man – relays information between nerves and brain Nerves– conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body

22. Nerve Tissue • Nerve Tissue - responds to stimuli in the environment; - controls movement, reflexes, and receives sensory information; Ex: Brain tissue, Spinal Cord Tissue, Peripheral nerve cells. Nerve Video

23. Two Systems Central Nervous System (CNS): It is your brain and your spinal cord. It process and responses to message from the peripheral nervous system. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Everything else that sends information to your CNS.

24. Somatic Nervous System: nerves under your conscious control Autonomic Nervous System: nerves that work without you thinking about it. (reflexes, heart rate) Blinking is both

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26. The Endocrine System Purpose: to control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction through the production and secretion of hormones (Chemical impulse) Major Organs -- hypothalamus -- pituitary gland -- thyroid -- Thymus -- adrenal glands -- pancreas -- testes -- ovaries

27. The Endocrine System Major Organs -- Hypothalamus: body temperatures and hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep -- Pituitary Gland: secretes hormones -- Thyroid: controls rate of use of energy -- Thymus: regulates the immune system -- Adrenal Glands: response to danger -- Pancreas: regulates glucose/sugar levels (diabetics) -- Testes: produces testosterone -- Ovaries: produces estrogen

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29. The Skeletal System Purpose: to provide protection, structure, support, and movement to the human body Bones are where new blood cells are generated in the marrow inside the bones. Major Bones of the Human Body -- femur (thigh bone) -- humorous (upper arm) -- radius and ulna (lower arm) -- cranium (skull) -- sternum (breastbone) -- clavicle (shoulder blade) -- fibula and tibia (calf) -- vertebrae (back) -- scalpula (shoulder) -- pelvic bone -- coccyx (tail bone) -- phalanges (fingers/toes)

30. The Skeletal System 206 Bones Compact bones: dense and ridged without visible open spaces. They form the outer layer of the bone. Spongy bones: Bone that has many openings like a sponge that provides most of the strength and support. Inside the bone. Cartilage is the soft, flexible tissue

31. The Skeletal System 3 Main Types of Joints Gliding Joint: Hands and wrist to slide Ball and Socket Joint: like shoulder's it allows for movement like a joy-stick Hinge Joint: Like your knee and elbow

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33. The Main Parts of the Digestive System are:

34. The Digestive System Purpose: to dissolve food so it can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body. (Digestive Track) Major Organs and their Functions: Mouth – to chew, adds saliva to begin the breakdown process Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach Stomach – produces acid and enzymes that breakdowns food. Small Intestine – Digested food moves through intestine by Villi. The Villi absorbs nutrients and water from digested food. Large Intestine – removes water from the digested food and gets the waste ready for excretion

35. Pancreas: Makes and sends digestive enzymes into the small intestines to chemically digest food and hormones to regulate blood sugar. Liver: Largest organ in the body, makes bile to break up fats, stores nutrients, and breaks down toxins. Gallbladder: stores bile produced by the liver

36. Two Types of Digestion Mechanical Digestion: the crushing, mashing and breaking of food. (mouth and stomach) Chemical Digestion: molecules are broken down by enzymes (like scissors) into amino acids so proteins, carbohydrates, and fats can be absorbed. (mouth and stomach plus)

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38. Image of the Circulatory System

39. Circulatory/Cardiovascular System Purpose: to deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and organ systems in your body so they can undergo cellular respiration Major Organs and Their Functions Heart – the major muscle of the circulatory system -- pumps blood through its four chambers (two ventricles and two atria) -- pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it gets oxygenated, returned to the heart, and then pumped out through the aorta to the rest of the body -- valve regulate the flow of blood between the chambers

40. Arteries – carry blood away from the heart and to the major organs of the body Veins – carry blood back to the heart away from the major organs of the body Capillaries – small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs Blood – the cells that flow through the circulatory system -- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen -- white blood cells function in the immune system -- platelets help in blood clotting Spleen – helps to filter out toxins in the blood

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42. Image of the Respiratory System

43. The Respiratory System Purpose: to provide the body with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide Major Organs and Their Functions Nose & Mouth – internal entry and exit point for air Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat Larynx – your “voicebox”, as air passes over your vocal chords, you speak Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects your pharynx to your lungs Lungs- Supplies oxygen to the blood and remove CO2 from blood.

44. Bronchi – the two large passageways that lead to your lungs (one for each lung) -- branch into smaller passageways that lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli -- alveoli are in clusters, like grapes where the exchange of gases with the blood occurs The diaphragm is the muscle that causes you to breath

45. Overview of Organ SystemsUrinary/Excretory 50

46. The Excretory System Purpose: to rid the body of wastes, including excess water and salts Major Organs and Their Functions Kidneys– the main organs of the excretory system -- waste-laden blood enters the kidney and the kidney filters out urea, excess water and other waste products, which eventually travel out of the kidney as urine -- eventually they travel through the ureter to the urinary bladder Rectum– solid (food) waste travels out of the body through the rectum

47. Skin– sweat glands remove excess water and salts from the body Lungs– expel the waste gas carbon dioxide The Excretory System

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49. Integumentary System (it’s your skin) • Your Skin has many important functions: • Covers body and prevents water loss. • Protects body from injury and infection. • Helps regulate body temperature. • Eliminate wastes • Gathers information about the environment • Produce vitamin D

50. Major Parts of the Integumentary System • Skin • Hair • Nails