Socialization

1. Socialization • Socialization is defined as the process that teaches the: • norms • values • other aspects of the culture to new group members • Simple as learning to stop at a red light or driving on the correct side of the road! • Complex as gender roles

2. Primary and Secondary Socialization • Primary Socialization • Socialization that occurs during childhood • Secondary Socialization • Socialization that continues throughout life • EX: taking a pre-marital class to prepare for the husband and wife roles that people take on once they are married.

3. Baby Talk Socialization • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JmA2ClUvUY&feature=player_embedded • They don’t really know words, but they know HOW to do it • They’ve figured out how to sound sure of themselves, how to sound inquisitive, how to gesticulate, how to aim their efforts at a second person, and how to take turns • They’ve learned the rules of talking to another person, even before they’ve learned how to talk.

4. Baby Rapper • http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=an_STKm-524#!

7. Nature-Nurture Debate • Nature • the belief that genetic and biological heredity are the primary causes of human behaviors • Nurture • the belief that the way in which we think, feel and behave are the results of our environment

8. Nature vs. Nurture Debate • Pure nature theorists believe that the genes we get from our parents at conception are the primary causes of human behavior • Parents have bad genes, bad kids • Nurture theorists propose that the environment influences the way we think, feel and behave – socialization molds us • Kids are the way they are because of their environment • Thoughts? Personal Experiences?

9. Nature vs. Nurture Debate • Blended view – • Paul Erhlich (2000), supports a blended point of view. He proposes that human behavior results from the interaction of three factors: our genes, environment, and how these two interact • According to Erhlich, we are the blended products of biology, environment, and the effect they have on each other.

10. Warm Up 11/1/17 • In the Nature v. Nurture debate, which do you think has impacted your personality development more? Why?

11. Looking-Glass Self • Shmobert (1) imagines how his parents will respond to his failing grades, (2) interprets their screaming as a sign of disappointment, and (3) develops a low self-concept. • This process of reflection in developing the self is explained by thelooking-glass self theory.

12. Charles Horton Cooley’s Theory • Cooley, a symbolic interactionist argued that the self developed in three main stages: • We imagine how we appear to others – beginning as small children we acquire our sense of self by seeing ourselves reflected in others attitudes and behavior

13. Cooley’s Theory • We draw general conclusions based on the reactions of others –We start by imagining the way we appear to others, then we identify with how we imagine others judge that appearance

14. Cooley’s Theory • Based on our evaluations of other’s reactions, we develop our sense of personal identity – Finally we interpret those judgments for ourselves in order to develop unique personalities Ala……..the looking-glass self

15. Looking-Glass Example • Teens are often strongly influenced by their peers and will go beyond conforming to changing their self-image to match • So……. • If you want someone to believe something about themselves, act towards them as if it were true • Create your own looking –glass scenario!

16. Looking-Glass SWAN • The SWAN

19. Warm Up 11/8/17 • On a sheet of paper…. • What is adolescence? • At what age do you think adolescence begins and ends? • What is the hardest thing about being an adolescent in today’s society?

20. Erickson’s Stages of Development • Erik Erikson proposed that humans develop a personality in 8 psychosocial stages • During each stage, we experience a particular psychosocial crisis it must be resolved positively or negatively • Each outcome will have an effect on our ability to deal with the next crisis • According to Erickson the crisis at each stage of development must be resolved positively before one can successfully master subsequent stages

21. Erickson’s 8 Stages of Development Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development

22. Erickson’s 8 Stages of Development Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development

23. Erickson’s 8 Stages of Development Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development

24. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development • Jean Piaget’s theory of personality development focused on 4 stages in cognitive development (a person’s ability to think and reason) • Sensorimotor stage – the stage at which infants learn to experience and think about the world through their senses and motor skills • Preoperational stage – the stage at which the ability to speak grows rapidly

25. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development • Stages of development 3 and 4 • Concrete Operational Stage – the stage at which children can think about objects in the world in more than one way and start to understand causal connections in their surroundings • Formal Operational Stage – the stage at which people become able to comprehend abstract thought

26. Kohlberg • Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral theory • Suggested that moral reasoning occurs on three levels 1. The Preconventional level (7-10 years old) – moral decisions based on seeking pleasure over pain • Children’s perceptions are based on punishment and obedience. • Ask a 5 year old why stealing is wrong, and chances are that they'll respond: "Because daddy or mommy says it's wrong" or "Because you get spanked if you steal."

27. Kohlberg 2. The Conventional level (10 yrs to adult) – use of norms and rules to determine what is right and wrong • People become concerned with how they are perceived by peers and how one conforms to rules • If you ask adolescents at this level why something is wrong or why it is right, they will tend to answer in terms of what their families have taught, what their friends think or what Americans believe.

28. Kohlberg 3. The Postconventional level (few people will actually reach this) • These people make moral & ethical decisions based on higher, overarching ethical principles related to the good of humanity rather than on reward & punishment or the rule of law • Examples are Ghandi & Mother Theresa

29. Moral Dilemmas • In groups of 4-5, read through each moral dilemma and write a brief response as to how the group would respond. Discuss answers in your small group, and be prepared to share with the class!

31. Warm Up: • Do your friends influence your behavior? If so, how? • Do you feel you are influenced by what you see/hear in the media? Why or why not? • Besides your parents, your friends, and the media, who/what has had the biggest influence on your personality development?

32. Gilligan • Carol Gilligan’s moral theory • Suggested that males and females make moral decisions differently • Boys use morality of justice –based on the rule of law • Ex: The employee code of conduct clearly states that if an employee is late three times without notifying a supervisor, the employee is terminated. Schmobert fired Linda and felt that it was the right thing to do. Being guided by the rule of law, Schmobert relied on the morality of justice

33. Gilligan • Girls use morality of care –enables them to make moral decisions by a standard of how best to care for individuals • For ex: Mrs. BadMother is late picking up her child from the nursery. The nursery rules state that the school has to charge parents $1.00 for every minute that they are late. However, Christie knows that Mrs. BadMother is a low-income, single parent who cannot afford the late charges. Gilligan suggests that because Christie is female, she will resolve this dilemma based on the morality of care.

34. Kohlberg and Gilligan’s Theoriesof Moral Development

35. Agents of Socialization • Agents of Socialization are the people and groups that shape our self-concept, beliefs and behavior

36. Family • Families have different parenting styles • Authoritative Style – a parenting style in which parents listen to their children’s input while consistently enforcing the parent’s rules • Permissive Style – a parenting style in which parents provide high levels of support but an inconsistent enforcement of rules • Authoritarian Style – a parenting style with which children experience high levels of social control but low levels of emotional support

37. Three Parenting StylesWhich describes your parents? Tiger Mother

38. Birth Order • Read the article about Birth Order Socialization • Respond to questions that correspond to the reading • Hand in bin when finished

39. Peer Groups • A peer group is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age • Peer groups function as agents of socialization by contributing to our sense of “belonging” and our feelings of self-worth.

40. Resocialization • Resocialization is the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors and abandoning old ones • Resocialization is used in total institutions • When people get out of prison, they need to be resocialized.

41. Total Institutions • Total Institutions are places in which the most effective forms of resocialization can occur because they isolate people from outside influences so they can be controlled • For example: Boarding schools, Hogwarts, orphanages, mental institutions, prisons

42. Total Institution Characteristics • There is one authority, and activities take place in specific locations. (Dumbledore, Hogwarts) • Carefully structured activities control the participants (when to eat, go to school, etc) • Authorities carefully screen all information from outside the institution (Educational ministry) • Rules and roles are clearly defined (teacher, student etc.) • A strict hierarchy exists within the institution (teachers, prefects etc.) • Total institutions restrict individual choices (must take the Keystone’s)

43. Social Class • Social class also affects socialization • Melvin Kohn’s research found that working class parents focus on obedience to authority when socializing their children. • Middle class parents in contrast showed greater concern about the motivations for their children’s behavior • Opportunities such at participation in little league sports, music lessons, art lessons, summer camp are affected by social

44. SAT’s and Money 2012

46. Neighborhood • The neighborhood you live in also influences socialization • Children who grow up in more affluent neighborhoods often do better in school • Poorer neighborhoods on average have higher rates of crime, teenage pregnancy, drug use, and high school drop outs • William J. Wilson argued that there are fewer role models in poor communities

47. Religion • Religion is also important in socialization • Charles Tittle and Michael Welch found that the more religious the juvenile, the less likely he or she is to be a delinquent • Religion is important in socializing beliefs, values and behavior

48. Religious socialization • With hand motions, body movements, and facial expressions, this child is doing a wonderful job learning the culturally-specific rules guiding the performance of devotion: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=_gmrYQgg1Po

49. Education • Schools teach more than academic skills • They socialize students using the hidden curriculum • Schools teach values promoting citizenship, by setting regulations, how to deal with peers • Pledge of allegiance

50. Mass Media • Mass media including television, radio, movies, music, books, magazines, and the internet influences socialization • The media transmits values and attitudes • Sex roles are also influenced by the media, sometimes in negatives ways