Ecology

1. Ecology 鄭先祐 (Ayo)教授 國立台南大學 環境與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系 環境生態研究所 + 生態旅遊研究所

2. 生態學 (Ecology) 課程大綱 (整體) • T01. 簡介：生態學 (Chap.1) • I. 個體與環境 (Chap.2,3,4,5,6) • II. 族群生態學 (Chap.7,8,9,10) • III. 個體間互動 (Chap.11,12,13,14) • IV. 群落生態學 (Chap.15,16,17,18) • V. 生態體系生態學 (Chap.19,20,21) • VI. 應用生態學 (Chap.22,23,24)

3. 生態學 (Ecology) 課程大綱 (上) • T01. 簡介：生態學 (Chap.1) • I. 個體與環境 • T02. 物理環境與生物界 (Chap. 2,3) • T03. 環境適應 (Chap. 4,5) • T04. 演化學與生態學 (Chap. 6) • II. 族群生態學 • T05. 生活史與族群分布 (Chap. 7, 8) • T06. 族群成長與變動 (Chap. 9,10) • III. 個體間互動 • T07. 競爭、掠食與草食 (Chap.11,12) • T08. 寄生與互利共生 (Chap.13,14)

4. 生態學 (Ecology) 課程大綱 (下) • Unit IV. 群落生態學 • T09. 群落與演進(替) (Chap. 15,16) • T10. 生物地理 (Chap.17) • T11. 物種多樣性 (Chap.18) • Unit V. 生態體系生態學 • T12. 生產、能量循流與食物網 (Chap.19,20) • T13. 營養供應與循環 (Chap.21) • Unit VI. 應用生態學 • T14. 保育生物學 (Chap.22) • T15. 景觀生態學與生態體系經營管理 (Chap.23) • T16. 全球生態學 (Chap.24)

5. T01. 簡介：生態學 • Chap.1 Introduction: The web of Life • I. 個體與環境 • T02. 物理環境與生物界 • Chap.2 the Physical Environment • Chap.3 the Biosphere • T03. 環境適應 • Chap.4 Coping with Environmental variation: Temperature and Water • Chap.5 Coping with Environmental variation: Energy • T04. 演化學與生態學 • Chap.6 Evolution and Ecology

6. II. 族群生態學 • T05. 生活史與族群分布 • Chap.7 Life History Analyses • Chap.8 Population distribution and abundance • T06. 族群成長與變動 • Chap.9 Population growth and regulation • Chap.10 population dynamics • III. 個體間互動 • T07. 競爭、掠食與草食 • Chap.11 Competition • Chap.12 Predation and Herbivory • T08.寄生與互利共生 • Chap.13 Parasitism • Chap.14 Mutualism and Commensalism

7. Unit IV. 群落生態學 • T09. 群落與演進(替) • Chap.15 The Nature of Communities • Chap.16 Change in Communities • T10. 生物地理 • Chap.17 Biogeography • T11. 物種多樣性 • Chap.18 Species diversity in communities • Unit V. 生態體系生態學 • T12. 生產、能量循流與食物網 • Chap.19 Production • Chap.20Energy flow and food webs • T13. 營養供應與循環 • Chap.21 Nutrient supply and cycling

8. Unit VI. 應用生態學 • T14. 保育生物學 • Chap.22 Conservation biology • T15. 景觀生態學與生態體系經營管理 • Chap.23 Landscape Ecology and Ecosystem management • T16. 全球生態學 • Chap.24 Global Ecology • Appendix • Answers to review questions • Glossary • Illustration credits • Literature cited • index

9. 作者 I： Michael L. Cain • Ph.D. in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology from Cornell University • Taught at New Mexico State University and the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, and is currently affiliated with Bowdoin college. • His research interests include: plant population ecology, long-distance dispersal, ecological and evolutionary dynamics in hybrid zones, and search behavior in plants and animals.

10. 作者 II： William D. Bowman • His Ph.D. from Duke University • Is a professor at University of Colorado at Boulder, affiliated with both the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. • His research focuses on plant ecology, biogeochemistry, and community dynamics.

11. 作者 III： Sally D. Hacker • Received her Ph.D. from the Department of Ecology ad Evolutionary Biology at Brown University. • Associate professor in the department of Zoology at Oregon State University. • Research explores species interactions and how they influence community formation, species diversity, and species invasions.

12. Preface (01) • This is an exciting and challenging time to study ecology. • 應用於面對與化解環境問題 • 新技術的運用，分子技術，衛星影像技術 • 熱門的學科 • 學生需要學習多元多樣的知識和能力 • 缺少適宜的(好的)教科書 • Two core principles that guided our writing. • Teaching comes First. • Less is More.

13. Preface (02) Features • Pedagogical excellence • Subject matter • Case studies • Connections in Nature • Ecological inquiry • Hands-on Problem solving • Ecological applications • Links to evolution • Art Program

14. Supplements • Companion website • 教科書的網站： http://www.sinauer.com/ecology • Ayo NUTN website：(教學網站) http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/

15. T01.簡介：生態學Chap.01 The Web of Life 鄭先祐 (Ayo)教授 國立台南大學 環境與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系 環境生態研究所 + 生態旅遊研究所

16. Chap. 1 Introduction: The Web of Life • Case Study: Deformity and Decline in Amphibian Populations • Introduction • 1.1 Connections in Nature • 1.2 Ecology • 1.3 Answering Ecological Questions • Case Study Revisited • Connections in Nature: Mission Impossible?

17. Case Study: Deformity and Decline in Amphibian Populations • High incidence of deformities in amphibians • Declining populations of amphibians worldwide • Many declining populations were in pristine or protected areas. • Amphibians are “biological indicators” of environmental problems. • Air and water pollution, changes in temperature and in the amount of ultraviolet light. Figure 1.1 Deformed Leopard Frogs

18. Figure 1.2 Amphibians in Decline

19. Introduction • Humans have enormous impact on the planet. • We must understand how natural systems work. • Ecology: The scientific study of how organisms affect—and are affected by—other organisms and their environment.

20. 1.1 Connections in Nature Concept 1.1: Events in the natural world are interconnected. • Even species that do not interact directly can be connected by shared environmental features. • Ecologists ask questions about the natural world to understand these connections.

21. Observation and test hypothesis • 觀察：Observation of the deformities of pacific tree frogs and long-toed salamanders. • 証據：the deformed amphibians all contained a parasite, known to be Ribeiroia ondatrae, a trematode (吸蟲類) flatworm (扁形蠕蟲門). • Ruth 提出假說：hypothesized that a parasite can cause deformities. • 驗證：Implanted glass beads(玻璃小珠) mimic the effect of the cysts (囊胞) of the parasite. • 結果：The beads caused deformities similar to the parasite.

22. Johnson’s work (01) • 35 ponds in Santa Clara county. • 13 ponds with Pacific tree frogs, • 4 of 13 ponds contained deformed frogs. • 2 of 4 ponds，高達15-45% oftadpoles in metamorphosis 有畸形。 • 原本以為是水污染的結果。Pesticides, PCBs, or heavy metals等，但於這2 ponds的水中都沒有發現。 • 採集200顆卵回實驗室，成長都正常。因此並不是遺傳。

23. Johnson’s work (02) • The 4 ponds with abnormal frogs were the only ponds that contained both tree frogs and an aquatic snail, Planorbella tenuis. • The snail is an intermediate host in the life cycle of the Ribeiroia parasite (Fig. 1.3) • Ribeiroia cysts in all the frogs with deformed limbs.

24. Figure 1.3 The Life Cycle of Ribeiroia

25. Johnson’s work (03) • 假說：Ribeiroia caused deformities in Pacific tree frogs. • 驗證：controlled experiment • Tree frog eggs were exposed to Ribeiroia parasites in the lab. • Four treatments: 0 (the control group), 16, 32, or 48 Ribeiroia parasites. • 結果 (Fig. 1.4)

26. Figure 1.4 Parasites Can Cause Amphibian Deformities

27. A field experiment: Kiesecker (2002) 現象： Six ponds, all of with contained Ribeiroia, but only some of which contained pesticides Six ponds, three with pesticide contamination. 野外實驗方法：(Fig. 1.4) Six cages in each pond, three with mesh size that allowed parasite to enter, the other three had a mesh too small for the parasites.. (Fig. 1.5a) 結果 (Fig. 1.5b)

28. Figure 1.5a. Do Ribeiroia and Pesticides Interact in Nature?

29. Figure 1.5b, Do Ribeiroia and Pesticides Interact in Nature?

30. 1.1 Connections in Nature Hypothesis: Pesticides decrease the ability of frogs to resist infection by parasites. Lab experiment: Tadpoles reared in presence of pesticides had fewer white blood cells (indicating a suppressed immune system) and a higher rate of Ribeiroia cyst formation. (Fig. 1.6)

31. Tadpoles exposed to the pesticide had fewer eosinophils Figure 1.6 Pesticides May Weaken Tadpole Immune Systems (Part 1)

32. Figure 1.6 Pesticides May Weaken Tadpole Immune Systems (Part 2)

33. 1.1 Connections in Nature Synthetic pesticide use began in 1930s; use has increased dramatically. Amphibian exposure to pesticides has also increased. Any action (increased pesticide use by people) can have unanticipated side effects (more frequent deformities in amphibians).

34. 1.1 Connections in Nature Fertilizer use may also be a factor: Fertilizer in runoff to ponds increases algal growth. Snails that harbor Ribeiroia parasites eat algae. Greater numbers of snails result in greater numbers of Ribeiroia parasites.

35. 1.1 Connections in Nature • Many human actions have also increased human health risks. • Damming rivers in Africa increases habitat for snails that carry schistosomiasis. • New diseases, such as AIDS, Lyme disease, Hantavirus, Ebola, and West Nile fever (Fig. 1.7) may be related to human actions.

36. West Nile Fever Figure 1.7 Rapid Spread of a Deadly Disease (Part 1)

37. West Nile Fever Figure 1.7 Rapid Spread of a Deadly Disease (Part 2)

40. 1.2 Ecology Ecology is a branch of biology. Environmental science incorporates concepts from the natural sciences (including ecology) and the social sciences, and focuses on solutions to environmental problems. Concept 1.2: Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

41. 1.2 Ecology Early ecological views: 1. There is a “balance of nature,” in which natural systems are stable and tend to return to an original state after disturbance. 2. Each species has a distinct role to play in maintaining that balance. Scientists now recognize that ecological interactions are more complex. One view that stood the test of time: Events in nature are interconnected. “You can never do just one thing.”

43. 1.2 Ecology Ecologists study interactions in nature across many levels of organization. Ecological studies usually emphasize individuals, populations, communities, or ecosystems. Levels of Biological organization (Figure 1.8)

44. Figure 1.8 Levels of Biological Organization (Part 1)

45. Figure 1.8 Levels of Biological Organization (Part 2)

46. 1.2 Ecology A population: A group of individuals of a single species that live in a particular area and interact with one another. A community: An association of populations of different species living in the same area. An ecosystem: A community of organisms plus the physical environment in which they live. All the world’s ecosystems comprise the biosphere— all living organisms on Earth plus the environments in which they live.

47. Savanna • Rainforest • Dunes in the Namib desert • Shallow-water marine community Figure 1.9 A Few of Earth’s Many Communities

48. Ecology is broad in scope and scale Every ecological study must be done at an appropriate scale, both spatially and temporally. Small spatial scale: Soil microorganisms. Large spatial scale: Atmospheric pollutants. Short temporal scale: Leaf response to sunlight. Long temporal scale: How species change over geologic time.

49. Key terms (Table 1.2) All living systems change over time. Evolution: 1. A change in the genetic characteristics of a population over time. 2. Descent with modification—organisms gradually accumulate differences from their ancestors.