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THE SOCIAL SUPPORT PROCESS

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THE SOCIAL SUPPORT PROCESS. Damon Burton University of Idaho. CORRELATES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT. physical and mental well being group cohesion group satisfaction leadership team performance. SOCIAL SUPPORT INTERVENTIONS.

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THE SOCIAL SUPPORT PROCESS

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  1. THE SOCIAL SUPPORT PROCESS Damon Burton University of Idaho

  2. CORRELATES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT • physical and mental well being • group cohesion • group satisfaction • leadership • team performance

  3. SOCIAL SUPPORT INTERVENTIONS • Social support has been successfully employed in several types of nonsport interventions, including: • reducing stress • combating burnout • enhancing feelings of well-being • helping at-risk families cope more effectively • reducing loneliness • providing support for rural residents with AIDS

  4. THREE CATEGORIESOF SOCIAL SUPPORT • Tangible -- assisting someone in completing a task with information or resources. • Informational -- telling someone they are part of a system that emphasizes communication and mutual obligation. • Emotional -- providing a person with understanding and comfort

  5. EIGHT SPECIFIC FORMSOF SOCIAL SUPPORT • Listening support – listeningwithout giving advice or being judgmental • Emotional support -- providing comfort and caring and letting the recipient know that you are on their side • Emotional challenge -- challenging the recipient to evaluate his or her attitudes, values, and feelings

  6. EIGHT SPECIFIC FORMS OF SOCIAL SUPPORT • Reality confirmation support -- confirming the recipient’s perspective of the world • Best when it comes from a similar person with like-minded views • Task appreciation support -- acknowledging the recipient’s efforts and expressing appreciation for the work being done • Task challenge support -- challenging the recipient’s way of thinking about a task or activity in order to stretch, motivate, and lead the recipient to greater creativity, excitement, and involvement

  7. EIGHT SPECIFIC FORMS OF SOCIAL SUPPORT… • Tangible assistance support -- providing the recipient with either financial assistance, products, and/or gifts. • Personal assistance support -- providing services or help, such as running an errand or driving the recipient somewhere. Note: The recipient’s perspective is the most important criteria in judging social support.

  8. GROUP SOCIAL SUPPORT ACTIVITY • Form three heterogeneous groups. • Identify which social support category, or what combinations of categories, your designated forms of social support would fall. • Provide two sport-specific examples for each of your designated forms of social support. • Provide 1 or 2 specific examples of how you could increase the availability and effectiveness of each designated social support type • Group 1– listening support, emotional support, and emotional challenge support • Group 2 – reality confirmation support, task appreciation support, and task challenge support • Group 3 – tangible assistance support, and personal assistance support

  9. SOCIAL SUPPORT PROCESS… RECIPIENT PROVIDER INTERACTIONAL EXCHANGE PROCESS OUTCOME

  10. FACTORS ENHANCING RECIPIENT RECEPTIVITY • gender • positive self-image • perceived effective interpersonal skills • high self-efficacy • low levels of anxiety • positive expectations about interactions with others

  11. PROVIDER CHARACTERISTICS • Expertise, knowledge, and experience will influence how social support is received • Task-related support provided by coach versus a less informed family member • Task appreciation support or emotional support? • Match the given support to the needs of the recipient in order to increase social support effectiveness • Requires an awareness of the recipient’s social support network

  12. INTERACTIONAL EXCHANGE PROCESS • Very similar to the communication process • Breakdowns in social support can occur anywhere during this exchange process, similar to breakdowns in the communication process

  13. SOCIAL SUPPORT OUTCOMES Individual Level • physical and mental well-being • loneliness • life stress • burnout • injury??? • Reality confirmation support Team Level • improved quality of relationships • increased task-related activity (e.g., performance) • increased team adaptability to adversity • greater social support network between team members and coaches

  14. ROSENFELD ET AL. (1989) RESULTS • NCAA Division 1 Coaches • Perceived as providing… • task challenge, task appreciation, and emotional challenge • Perceived as not providing… • reality confirmation, listening support, and emotional support

  15. ROSENFELD ET AL. (1989) RESULTS • NCAA Division 1 Teammates • Perceived as providing… • task challenge support and reality confirmation support • Perceived as partially providing… • listening support, and emotional support • Friends • Perceived as providing… • listening support and emotional support

  16. SOCIAL SUPPORT CONSIDERATIONS • Social support is much broader in its application than most sport personnel assume. • Social support needs to be incorporated into the working context of sport personnel. • Athletes need to be encouraged to seek social support from a wider variety of individuals capable of providing one or more forms of support. • Social support comes from both individuals and the environment in which the athletes interacts – the setting makes a difference. • Support providers communicate several types of support simultaneously when interacting with athletes.

  17. ENHANCING SOCIAL SUPPORT • Review Rosenfeld and Richman (1997) for category-specific enhancement strategies

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