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FITNESS AND RELATIONSHIPS

FITNESS AND RELATIONSHIPS. ADVANCED BIOLOGY WINTER 2013. WARM-UP!!!. PICTURE #1. WARM-UP!!!. PICTURE #2. Free - Write. Write down the first thing that comes to your mind when you hear the word: FITNESS - What does it mean to be physically fit? - What about emotionally fit?

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FITNESS AND RELATIONSHIPS

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  1. FITNESS AND RELATIONSHIPS ADVANCED BIOLOGY WINTER 2013

  2. WARM-UP!!! PICTURE #1

  3. WARM-UP!!! PICTURE #2

  4. Free - Write Write down the first thing that comes to your mind when you hear the word: FITNESS - What does it mean to be physically fit? - What about emotionally fit? - How can you observe fitness? Can you quantify it?

  5. Fitness - Darwinian Dictionary Definition: The genetic contribution of an individual to the next generation’s gene pool relative to the average population, usually measured by the number of offspring or close kin that survive to reproductive age.

  6. Fitness - Darwinian Dictionary Definition: TRANSLATED: The ability of an animal to survive and reproduce, passing on their genes. The higher the fitness, the better an animal’s offspring survives. MISCONCEPTION: does NOT have to do with strength.

  7. Charles Darwin and His Finches Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) studied finches on the Galapagos Islands and saw that their beak size determined what they ate, where they lived, and the ecological niches they lived in. He realized that the animals ability to survive helped increase their fitness and later on he coined the term natural selection. Because these birds could adapt to their environment and pass on their genes, they would fill niches and outcompete other species, eventually leading to their continuous survival leading to the saying: Survival of the Fittest.

  8. Niches The sum total of an organism’s utilization of the bioticand abiotic resources of its environment.

  9. Niches The sum total of an organism’s utilization of the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment. LIVING FACTORS

  10. Niches The sum total of an organism’s utilization of the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment. NON-LIVING FACTORS

  11. Niches What are the niches for each organism?

  12. Niches What are the niches for each organism?

  13. Relationships Take a few minutes to write down a few relationships that you have had.

  14. Relationships Quickly write down a few relationships that you have had. Share with the person sitting next to you. For each relationship, describe who/what got the most out it.

  15. Relationships Symbiosis: an interaction between two or more different organisms living closely. Obligatesymbiosis: Both organisms depend on each other for survival. Facultativesymbiosis: They can, but do not have to live with the other organism.

  16. Relationships Symbiosis: an interaction between two or more different organisms living closely. Obligatesymbiosis: Both organisms depend on each other for survival.

  17. Relationships Symbiosis: an interaction between two or more different organisms living closely. Obligatesymbiosis: Both organisms depend on each other for survival. Facultativesymbiosis: They can, but do not have to live with the other organism.

  18. The Four Types of Symbiosis 1. Mutualism 2. Commensalism 3. Parasitism 4. Amensalism

  19. Mutualism A relationship in which BOTH species benefit, with respect to their fitness.

  20. Mutualism A relationship in which BOTH species benefit, with respect to their fitness. Increasing or improving their ability to reproduce and rear offspring.

  21. Mutualism A relationship in which BOTH species benefit, with respect to their fitness. Examples: - Red Billed Oxpecker and Impalas - Bees and Flowers - Intestinal Bacteria and Ungulates

  22. Intestinal Bacteria and Ungulates Ungulates = cows, goats, deer Reticulum (honeycomb bag) Where the micro- organisms are.

  23. Red Billed Oxpecker and Impala

  24. Pollination In the following video, watch for both symbiosis and competition between pollinators and the flowers as resources. http://www.ted.com/talks/louie_schwartzberg_the_hidden_beauty_of_pollination.html Start at 3:22

  25. Commensalism A relationship in which ONE species benefits, with respect to fitness, and one is not affected.

  26. Commensalism A relationship in which ONE species benefits, with respect to fitness, and one is not affected. Increasing or improving their ability to reproduce and rear offspring.

  27. Commensalism A relationship in which ONE species benefits, with respect to fitness, and one is not affected. Examples: - Barnacles on pretty much anything - Cattle Egret on Cows - Remora Shark Hitching a Ride

  28. Barnacles

  29. Cattle Egret on Cows

  30. Remora Shark Sucker on the top of their head to ride with whales or to feed off leftovers the others left behind.

  31. Amenselism A relationship in which one species is not affected or harmed, while the other is negatively affected, with respect to fitness.

  32. Amenselism A relationship in which one species is not affected or harmed, while the other is negatively affected, with respect to fitness. Decreasing or reducing their ability to reproduce and rear offspring.

  33. Amenselism A relationship in which one species is not affected or harmed, while the other is negatively affected, with respect to fitness. Examples: - Penecillium (mold) and other bacteria. - Black Walnut tree

  34. Amensalism The roots secret a chemical that kills other plants near its root zone.

  35. Amensalism The mold Penicillium secrets a chemical (penicillin) that kills other bacteria – used in a lot of antibiotics.

  36. Parasitism A relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other, with respect to fitness.

  37. Parasitism A relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other, with respect to fitness. The parasite increases or improves their ability to reproduce and rear offspring, by decreasing or reducing the other’s.

  38. Parasitism A relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other, with respect to fitness. Examples: - Phorid Flies v. Leaf Cutter Ants - Intestinal parasites (hookworm) - Cordyceps fungus

  39. Parasitism

  40. Parasitism

  41. Parasitism Cordycepse fungus making zombie ants. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuKjBIBBAL8

  42. Relationships

  43. Relationships

  44. Relationships

  45. Relationships

  46. Relationships

  47. Relationships

  48. Relationships

  49. Relationships

  50. Relationships

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