LIVESTOCK: BEYOND GLOBALIZATION

2. LIVESTOCK: BEYOND GLOBALIZATION Ilse Köhler-Rollefson, LPPS, Sadri, 8 December, 2012

4. Livestock in crisis Livestock isprojectedas : • thebiggestenemyoftheenvironment • 18% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions (calculations are being revised) • responsible for land degradation • source of pollution (esp. marine and waterways) with nitrogen and phosphorous – green tide • biodiversity loss

5. In Germany….

6. Current initiative • Global Agenda of Action towardssustainable livestock sectordevelopment (GAA) - a multi-stakeholderplatformledby FAO, Worldbank, ILRI

7. The otherpopulation bomb 3.6 x increase livestock humans Source: Presentationby Tony Weis: The Meat ofthe Global Food Crisis data: FAOSTATS

8. 7.1 x increase slaughtered livestock humans Source: Presentationby Tony Weis: The Meat ofthe Global Food Crisis data: FAOSTATS

10. LPP‘sentrypoint • Hasrootsamongpastoralists, especially in India • Registered as a development NGO/charitableorganisationsince 2002 • Facilitatedthedevelopmentof Livestock Keepers‘ Rightsduring „Interlaken Process“ • The LIFE Network grew out ofthisprocess

11. Significanceof livestock forthepoor • 100 million rural poor (definedasexisting on lessthan $ 2.00/day). • More than 70% arefullyandpartiallydependent on livestock. • Livestock isthemostimportantassetofthe rural poor

12. Pastoralists • Worldwide an estimated 120 millionpastoralistsutilize the 41 percent of the earth’s land surface where crops can’t be grown: tropical and subtropical drylands, mountainous and high-altitude zones, very cold areas. • By means of grazing they convert the local vegetation into food and energy that can sustain people.

13. Smallholders/women About 600-700 million smallholders raise small numbers of livestock on crop residues, left overs, in “interstitial” spaces (along road sides) Zero to minimal input, but often highly profitable – interest rates much higher than in bank Enables education exit strategy from livestock keeping

14. From Asset toLiability? • The situation changes when people switch from local breeds to high-input systems (“Livestock Revolution”). • Farmers often get into a debt trap squeezed between escalating input prices and the consolidated power of the food processors and supermarket chains on the other. • The financial squeeze “forces many farmers to cut costs wherever they can, and creates strong incentives to unethical behaviour.”

15. Livestock keepersbecomingextinct? • In India, the most rapid growth in livestock population has been among large landholders, and concerned especially industrial poultry units. On the other hand, the number of stock owned by the landless, including small ruminants, pigs, and poultry, is decreasing dramatically (Chacko in FAO,2010). • In Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) the number of pig producers shrunk from 85,000 to 10,000 between 1995 and 2008 • In Romania, pig producers declined by 90% in 4 years

16. Consolidationanddebt in Europe Dairyfarmers in Denmark Debtsaverage € 2.25 million/per farm € 19,000/per cow Dairyfarmers in Germany 4000 (about 4%) expectedtogo out ofbusinessthisyear

17. So whatisthefutureof livestock? View 1

18. So whatisthefutureof livestock ? View 2 • Global demand for livestock products to grow by 70-80% until 2050. • This demand can only be met by expanding industrial pig and poultry sectors. • These systems will create the need for more grain as feed (which will account for more than 40 percent of global cereal use in 2050).

19. So whatisthefutureof livestock? Ourview: Livestock production must belargely in tune withlocalresources. There is considerable scope for increasing the output of “decentralised” production systems. We need to support and facilitate the optimal utilization by domestic animals of the biomass that is available in remote and marginal areas, as well as in interstitial spaces, for instance along road sides, and improved use of the aftermath on harvested fields.

20. Advantages of „decentralised“ productionsystems • Optimallyconvertlocalfeedresourcesintofoodandenergy – areindependentofexternalfeedandfodderinputs. • Thereis a balancebetween livestock numbersandavailableresources. • Positive effect on biodiversityand not interferingwithwildlife • Noproblemwithaccumulationofmanure (Integrated nutrientrecycling) • Minimal externalenergyrequired (ifany)

21. HUMAN-EDIBLE PROTEIN BALANCE IN THE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION OF SELECTED COUNTRIES(FAO data)

22. Nutritional valueof livestock productsfrom biodiverse productionsystems versus soybean/corndiet • Pasture-raised foods have higher levels of vitamins, a healthier balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fats than conventional meat and dairy products. • Milk from pasture-fed cows has as much as five times the Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)as milk from grain-fed cows. • Meat from pasture-fed cows has 200-500% more CLA as a proportion of total fatty acids than meat from cows that eat a primarily grain-based diet. Iv • Eggs from poultry raised on pasture have 40% more vitamin A and 400% more omega-3's.

23. Nutritional Value 36 Camelforageplants: mostofthemhavemedicinalvalue

24. Twomodelsof livestock production High input Low input, decentralised Financial investment

25. Concentration in thefeedindustries In 2003, the ABCD firms controlled 73 per cent of the global grain trade.

26. Concentration in the livestock geneticssector

27. Concentration livestock geneticsindustry

28. Pharmaceuticalindustry Less than 10 companies control more three-quarters of the animal pharmaceutical market.

29. Bycontrast…. • Livestock keepersaredispersedandun-organised • Theircontributiontothe livestock economyisunderreported (oftendoes not enter national statistics)andundervalued. • Theyarealmostneverconsultedwhen livestock policiesaredesigned • Are not represented in multi-stakeholderplatforms Althoughtheyarethekeystakeholdergroup!

30. FAO‘s State of Food andAgriculture Report (SOFA) 2009: • “The contribution of the livestock sector to poverty alleviation should be enhanced through appropriate policy reform and investments within a framework of broader rural development policies” So whatarethemostappropriatepolicyreformsandinvestmentsandhow do wesupportsmall-scale livestock keepers?

31. „Livestock Keepers‘ Rights “ Weredevelopedduringthe „Interlaken process“ through a seriesof grassroots consultations by and with livestock keeping communities in Kenya "Karen Comittment"), India, Italy ("Bellagio Brief") and Ethiopia ("Addis Résumé") and involved about 500 representatives of livestock keeping communities from Africa, Asia, Latin America and Europe.

32. Right No. 2: Livestock Keepers shall have the right to participate in policy formulation and implementation processes on animal genetic resources for food and agriculture.

33. BioculturalCommmunityProtocols: A toolforinvoking Livestock Keepers‘ Rightslocally The conceptoriginatedfromConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD) process. Nowbackedbythe Nagoya Protocol on Access andBenefit-Sharing. Provides livestock keeperswiththeopportunitytodocumenttheirrole in sustainablefoodproductionandbiodiversityconservation

34. Without livestock keepers, thefutureof livestock wouldlooklikethis: „The establishmentof bio-securesystemsandmonitoringhas strong economiesofscale, and larger operationshave an advantageofversmallerones. Ultimately, thekeytobiosecurityistoreducephysicalcontactbetweenhumansandanimalstotheutmostdegree. Automation islikelytoplay a large role not onlybecauseitreduceslabourcostsbut particularlybecause pathogen incursioncaneffectivelybereducedoreliminatedbyreducingcontact.“

35. Livestock Futures? • Livestock keepersare essential foranimalhusbandryandsustainable livestock systems. • Livestock isnecessaryforincomegenerationandupholdingbiodiversity • Livestock anditskeepersareinseparable. • Thatdoes not meanthatwewanttogobackwardsorbestatic. • Unlesswewant an automatedfuturefor livestock production, livestock keepersneedtobelistenedtoandincluded in all policymakingprocesses.

36. Thanksto