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Cellular Respiration: Unraveling the Energy Pathway in Cells

Explore the intricate processes of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron Transport Chain to understand how ATP stores potential energy and powers essential cell functions. Learn how the Na+/K+ pump, skeletal muscle activity, and flagellar motility utilize ATP for energy. Delve into the connection between catabolism and anabolism through oxidation and reduction reactions, and discover the efficiency of cellular respiration in producing ATP. Gain insights into the fate of pyruvic acid in the presence or absence of oxygen, and unravel the ATP generation mechanisms in cellular respiration.

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Cellular Respiration: Unraveling the Energy Pathway in Cells

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  1. Unit II, Chapter 25 pg 950-971 selected portions Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain, ATP stores potential energy

  2. Some cell processes req’ring energy • Na+/K+ pump • (as any active transport process) • Power stroke of skeletal muscle • Glycolysis • Flagellar motility • Microtubule movement during cell division

  3. ATP is a high energy molecule • Phosphorylation of ADP increase its PE • Forming bonds _____________________ • Breaking the bond between the 2nd and 3rd P group results in energy liberation • ATP  ADP • ATPase – enzyme, catalyzes _________ bond, creating ADP • ________ ________ is used do work

  4. Linking catabolism & anabolism

  5. Oxidation & reduction rxns • _______________- removal of electrons, or H+ • decrease potential energy content • Oxidation of glucose = cellular respiration • Usually exergonic – releases energy • Cmpds such as glucose (reduced) have lots of H  contain more chemical P.E. than the oxidized cmpds • ________________- addition of e- or H+ • increase of energy content of molecule • Oxidation & reduction rxns are always coupled

  6. Cellular respiration • ___________________ to produce ATP • To attach a phosphate group to ADP to produce ATP ____________ energy • Series 4 reactions in presence of oxygen produces more ATP than when oxygen is absent: • Glycolysis • Acetyl Coenzyme A formation • Krebs cycle • Electron Transport Chain

  7. Cellular respiration (2) • __________ cellular respiration- oxygen absent • glucose breakdown, catabolic rxns  2 pyruvic acid • This process is called glycolysis • 1 glucose yields 2 ATP • happens in cytosol • ____________- in presence of oxygen • Glycolysis + rxns 6 CO2 + 6 H2O & energy • Generates heat and 36-38 ATP • happens in mitochondria

  8. Overview of cell respiration (oxidation of glucose)

  9. Glycolysis – 10 steps, fig 25.4 • Rxn generates 4 ATP & 2 pyruvic acid* • Net gain: • 2 ATP = metabolic energy • 2 NADH = intermediate for e- transport chain • 2 H+ = intermediate for e- transport chain • * Oxygen _______, pyruvic acid  mitochondria for Krebs cycle and ETC • * Oxygen _______, pyruvic acid likely converted to lactic acid via anaerobic resp in cytosol • Lactic acid  liver to be converted to glucose

  10. Fate of pyruvic acid Oxygen present mitochondria, becomes CoA and goes to Krebs Oxygen absent – converted to lactic acid in cytosol (lactic acid  bloodstream  liver where it is converted back to pyruvic acid)

  11. 3 main results of Krebs cycle • reduced coenzymes NADH + H+ and FADH2, containing ________________ • GTP, which ___________ to make ATP • CO2 bloodstream and ________ at lungs • 6 CO2 made for every glucose • So, how do we get 36-38 ATP?....

  12. 1 glucose yields 36-38 ATP • 3 NADH + 3 H+  e- transport = 9 ATP • 1 FADH2  e- transport = 2 ATP • 1 ATP from GTP conversion • Multiply the above results by 2 because 2 Acetyl CoA come from one glucose! • 2 NADH produced during glycolysis produce 4-6 ATP • 2 NADH produced during Acetyl CoA formation also produce 6 ATP • 2 ATP from glycolysis

  13. Electron Transport Chain • Series of electron carriers (proteins called _________) in the inner mitochondrial membrane • Each carrier is reduced then oxidized • Rxns are exergonic & energy is _____ to make ATP • In aerobic resp, final e- acceptor is oxygen (gets reduced  H2O) • _____________- links chemical rxn w/H+ pump

  14. Electron Transport Chain (2) • Proton pumps send H+ from matrix to intermembrane space • Creates a gradient, H+ gets build up in the intermembrane space • H+ flow back to the matrix (by proton motive force) through a channel in ATP synthase • ATP synthase adds a P to ADP  ATP

  15. Summary of cellular respiration, fig 25.10 See also table 25.1 page 962

  16. Proteins & fats  glucose • Amino acids, glycerol, & lactic acid can be converted to glucose – ____________________ • Process by which glucose is created from non-carbohydrate sources • Stimulated by • _______________ from adrenal cortex • Also causes proteins  amino acids • _______________ from pancreas • _______________

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