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Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body

Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body. Anatomy Physiology. Levels of Organization. Chemical Cellular Tissue Organs System Level Organismic Level. Levels of Structural Organization. Chemical Level Cellular level Tissue level. Levels of Structural Organization. Organ level

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Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body

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  1. Chapter 1An Introduction to the Human Body • Anatomy • Physiology

  2. Levels of Organization • Chemical • Cellular • Tissue • Organs • System Level • Organismic Level

  3. Levels of Structural Organization • Chemical Level • Cellular level • Tissue level

  4. Levels of Structural Organization • Organ level • Organ system • Organismic level

  5. Life Processes • Metabolism = sum of all chemical processes • Responsiveness

  6. Life Processes • Movement at any structural level • Growth • Differentiation • Reproduction

  7. Homeostasis • Maintaining the internal environment within physiological limits

  8. Homeostasis of Body Fluids • Delineation of fluid compartments • intracellular fluid (ICF) = • extracellular fluid (ECF) =

  9. Control of Homeostasis • Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by • external stimuli or • internal stimuli • Disruptions are usually mild & temporary • If homeostasis is not maintained, death may result

  10. Neural and Endocrine Controls • Process of maintaining a controlled condition

  11. Components of Feedback Loop • Receptor • Control center • Effector

  12. Negative & Positive Feedback Loops • Negative feedback loop • Positive feedback loop

  13. Homeostasis of Blood Pressure • Pressure receptors in walls of certain arteries detect an increase in BP • Brain receives input and signals heart and blood vessels • Heart rate slows and arterioles dilate • BP returns to normal

  14. Positive Feedback during Childbirth • Stretch receptors in walls of uterus send signals to the brain • Brain releases hormone into bloodstream • Uterine smooth muscle contracts more forcefully • More stretch, more hormone, more contraction etc. • Cycle ends with birth of the baby & decrease in stretch

  15. Basic Anatomical Terminology • Anatomical position • Regions of the body • Anatomical planes, sections and directional terms

  16. Anatomical Position • Standardized position from which to describe directional terms • standing upright • facing the observer, head level • eyes facing forward • feet flat on the floor • arms at the sides • palms turned forward • Prone position = • Supine position = anatomical position?

  17. Common Regional Names • Clinical terminology based on a Greek or Latin root word.

  18. Sagittal Plane • Sagittal plane • Midsagittal plane

  19. Other Planes and Sections • Frontal or coronal plane • Transverse(cross-sectional) or horizontal plane • Oblique plane

  20. Planes and Sections of the Brain(3-D anatomical relationships revealed) • Horizontal Plane • Frontal Plane • Midsagittal Plane

  21. Major Directional Terms • See Definitions page 14

  22. Superior or Inferior • Superior • Inferior

  23. Dorsal or Ventral • Dorsal or Posterior • Ventral or Anterior

  24. Medial or Lateral • Medial • Lateral

  25. Proximal or Distal • Proximal • Distal

  26. Dorsal Body Cavity • Near dorsal surface of body • 2 subdivisions • cranial cavity • vertebral or spinal canal • Meninges line dorsal body cavity

  27. Ventral Body Cavity • Near ventral surface of body • 2 subdivisions • thoracic cavity • abdominopelvic cavity

  28. Abdominopelvic Cavity • Inferior portion of ventral body cavity below diaphragm • Encircled by abdominal wall, bones & muscles of pelvis

  29. Thoracic Cavity • Encircled by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscle • Divided into 2 pleural cavities by mediastinum • Mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except lungs

  30. Mediastinum • Midline wall of tissue that contains heart and great vessels, esophagus, trachea and thymus.

  31. Serous Membranes • Thin slippery membrane lines body cavities not open to the outside • parietal layer • visceral layer • Serous fluid reduces friction

  32. Visceral pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pleura Parietal pericardium Pleural & Pericardial Cavities

  33. Peritoneum • Visceral peritoneum • Parietal peritoneum

  34. Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants • Describe locations of organs or source of pain • Tic-tac-toe grid or intersecting lines through navel

  35. Medical Imaging • Allows visualization of structures without surgery • Useful for confirmation of diagnosis • Examples of imaging techniques

  36. Conventional Radiography • A single burst of xrays • Produces 2-D image on film • Poor resolution of soft tissues

  37. Computed Tomography (CT Scan) • Moving x-ray beam • Computer generated image reveals more soft tissue detail • kidney & gallstones • Multiple scans used to build 3D views

  38. Ultrasound (US) • High-frequency sound waves emitted by hand-held device • Safe, noninvasive & painless • Used for fetal ultrasound and examination of pelvic & abdominal organs, heart and blood flow through blood vessels

  39. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • Body exposed to high-energy magnetic field • Protons align themselves relative to magnetic field • Reveals fine detail within soft tissues

  40. Positron Emission Tomography(PET) • Substance that emits positively charged particles is injected into body • Collision with negatively charged electrons in tissues releases gamma rays • Camera detects gamma rays & computer generates image displayed on monitor

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