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HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF MICROBIOLOGY

Explore the early years of microbiology, from Antony van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of bacteria to Louis Pasteur's contributions like the germ theory of disease. Learn about pioneers like Robert Koch and Paul Ehrlich and key discoveries in the field.

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HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF MICROBIOLOGY

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  1. HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF MICROBIOLOGY Dr. Sateesh. K Assoc Prof

  2. HISTORY PIONEERS IN MICROBIOLOGY

  3. The Early Years of Microbiology contributed by discovery of Microscope

  4. History • Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), a lens grinder: • His single-lens magnified up to 300X • First observation of bacteria“Little animalcules” • In 1678, Robert Hook developed compound microscope.

  5. Ignaz Semmelweis (1818 – 1865) Puerperal fever ("childbed fever") was both infectious and contagious Infections become preventable through the use of antiseptic techniques.

  6. The Golden Age of Microbiology 1857-1914 Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs

  7. Louis Pasteur Laid foundations in Microbiology • He is the father of Medical Microbiology. (1822-1895)

  8. Spontaneous generation Early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter (flies from manure, etc).

  9. Germ theory of disease Replaces Fate and Sins Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.

  10. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Father of Microbiology • Contributions: 1. Developed methods and techniques of bacteriology. 2. Introduced sterilization techniques, developed steam sterilizer, autoclave and hot air oven.

  11. 3. Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation – Germ theory of disease 4. Microbial origin of fermentation and spoilage of wine. 5. Pasteurization

  12. 6. Studied Rabies virus, Anthrax bacilli and Cholera bacilli. 7. Coined the term – Vaccine 8. He introduced live attenuated vaccine for prophylactic use. He introduced rabies & anthrax vaccines

  13. 3. Robert Koch (1843-1910) A German scientist Father of Bacteriology. Contributions: 1.Introduced techniques for isolation of pure strains of bacteria. 2.Used solid media for obtaining bacteria in pure culture. 3.Introduced staining techniques 4.Discovered anthrax bacillus, Tubercle bacillus and Vibrio cholerae

  14. Established a sequence of experimental steps to show that a specific microorganisms causes a particular disease. • He demonstrated the role of bacteria in causing disease. • He perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture

  15. Robert Koch and Postulates • Koch’s work on diseases and diagnostics culminated with the creation of what are now known as Koch’s Postulates. • Koch’s Postulates are the 4 steps necessary to confirm if a suspected pathogen is indeed the cause of a disease.

  16. Koch’s postulates: • The bacterium should be constantly associated with the lesions of the disease. • It should be possible to isolate the bacterium in pure culture from the lesions. • Inoculation of such pure culture into suitable laboratory animals should reproduce the lesions of the disease.

  17. 4. It should be possible to reisolate the bacterium in pure culture from the lesions produced in the experimental animals. 5. Specific antibodies to the bacterium should be demonstrable in the serum of patients suffering from the disease.

  18. Figure 14.3, steps 1–2

  19. Figure 14.3, steps 3–4

  20. 5

  21. Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates • Microorganisms that are unable to be cultured on artificial media • (example: Treponemapallidum) • 2 or more organism work in synergy to cause a disease. • Symptoms and diseases can be causes by any one of several microbes.

  22. 4.Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) • Father of chemotherapy. Contributions: • Reported acid fast nature of tubercle bacillus

  23. Joseph Lister • Joseph Lister, was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery. • By applying Louis Pasteur's advances in microbiology, he promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary.

  24. Joseph Lister He instructed surgeons under his responsibility • to wear clean gloves and • wash their hands before and after operations with 5% carbolic acid solutions. • Instruments were also washed in the same solution and assistants sprayed the solution in the operating theatre.

  25. John Tyndall (1820 - 1893) • He discovered highly resistant bacterial structure, later known as endospore. • Prolonged boiling or intermittent heating was necessary to kill these spores, to make the infusion completely sterilized, a process known as Tyndallisation.

  26. Edward Jenner (1749-1823) • First to prevent small pox. • He discovered the technique of vaccination. Alexander Flemming • He discovered the penicillin from penicilliumnotatum that destroy several pathogenic bacteria. Paul Erlich(1920) • He discovered the treatment of syphilis by using arsenic • He Studied toxins and antitoxins in quantitative terms & laid foundation of biological standardization.

  27. IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES: Bacteria: • Hansen (1874) – Leprosy bacillus • Neisser (1879) – Gonococcus • Ogston(1881) – Staphylococcus • Loeffler(1884) – Diphtheria bacillus • RouxandYersin – Diphtheria toxin

  28. IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES: Viruses: • Beijerinck(1898) - Coined the term Virus for filterable infectious agents. • Pasteurdeveloped Rabies vaccine. • GoodPasteur - Cultivation of viruses on chick embryos. • CharlesChamberland,one of Pasteur’s associates constructed a porcelain bacterial filter. • Twortandd’Herelle-Bacteriophages. • EdwardJenner- Vaccination for Smallpox.

  29. Nobel Laureates

  30. THANK YOU

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