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Understanding Carbohydrates: Functions, Structures, and Types

Explore the world of carbohydrates, from their composition and functions to the different types like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Learn about sugar structures, glycosidic linkages, and the importance of carbohydrates in energy storage and structural materials. Dive into the diverse world of polysaccharides and understand how molecular structure influences function. Discover the glycemic index and its impact on blood glucose levels with various carbohydrate-rich foods. Start your journey into the fascinating realm of carbohydrates!

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Understanding Carbohydrates: Functions, Structures, and Types

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  1. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates

  2. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH2O (CH2O)x C6H12O6 • Function: • energy u energy storage • raw materials u structural materials • Monomer: sugars • ex: sugars & starches

  3. CH2OH O H H HO H O HO CH2 C CH2OH OH H C OH O H Fructose H H H OH H OH H C OH HO H H OH Glyceraldehyde Glucose Sugars • Most names for sugars end in -ose • Classified by number of carbons • 6C = hexose (glucose) • 5C = pentose (fructose, ribose) • 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) 6 5 3

  4. What functional groups? carbonyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone

  5. Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions Where do you find aqueous solutions?In cells! Carbons are numbered

  6. Numbered carbons C 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' energy stored in C-C bonds C C 3' 2'

  7. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Glucose Simple & complex sugars • Monosaccharides • simple 1 monomer sugars • glucose • Disaccharides • 2 monomers • sucrose • Polysaccharides • large polymers • starch

  8. Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose glycosidic linkage

  9. Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | fructose | sucrose glycosidic linkage structural isomers

  10. Polysaccharides • Polymers of sugars • costs little energy to build • easily reversible = release energy • Function: • energy storage • starch (plants) • glycogen (animals) • structure = building materials • cellulose (plants) • chitin (arthropods & fungi)

  11. Branched vs. linear polysaccharides What does branching do?

  12. Polysaccharide diversity • Molecular structure determines function • isomers of glucose • how does structure influence function…

  13. enzyme enzyme Digesting starch vs. cellulose starcheasy todigest cellulosehard todigest

  14. Cellulose • Most abundant organic compound on Earth BIG DEAL!I can’t eatthis stuff!

  15. Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat supplemental sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must supplement with sugar source, like fruit

  16. Glycemic index • Which food will get into your blood more quickly? • apple • rice cakes • corn flakes • bagel • peanut M&M

  17. Glycemic index • Ranking of carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose (blood sugar) levels • Carbohydrate foods that breakdown quickly during digestion have the highest glycemic index. Their blood sugar response is fast & high.

  18. Glycemic index • Which food will get into your blood more quickly? • apple 36 • rice cakes 82 • corn flakes 84 • bagel 72 • peanut M&M 33

  19. Let’s build some Carbohydrates!

  20. Any Questions??

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