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OE Example: Events and Roles

OE Example: Events and Roles. Events in Cyc Roles and Event Predicates Actor Slots Sub-events. Roles in Cyc. Roles are specialized predicates #$Role has two important sub-types Actor Slots Sub Process Slots Roles are arranged in a predicate hierarchy based on #$genlPreds.

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OE Example: Events and Roles

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  1. OE Example: Events and Roles • Events in Cyc • Roles and Event Predicates • Actor Slots • Sub-events

  2. Roles in Cyc • Roles are specialized predicates • #$Role has two important sub-types • Actor Slots • Sub Process Slots • Roles are arranged in a predicate hierarchy based on #$genlPreds

  3. Reading a book: the person reading the book the information in the book the reading of a particular page A naval battle: the groups engaged the attack the officers directing the battle the ships, guns, etc. signaling between ships Roles include many kinds of relations

  4. Representing roles in CycL What do you think these CycL examples mean? • (#$performedBy #$Reading001 #$Blake) • (#$informationOrigin #$Reading001#$TheNelsonCompanion-BlakesCopy) • (#$eventOccursAt #$Reading001 #$CycorpHeadquarters) • (#$topicOfInfoTransfer #$Reading001 #$BattleOfTheNile)

  5. Representing roles in CycL What do you think these CycL examples mean? • (#$performedBy #$Reading001 #$Blake)Blake performs Reading Event 001. • (#$informationOrigin #$Reading001#$TheNelsonCompanion-BlakesCopy)The information origin of Reading Event 001 is Blake’s copy of The Nelson Companion. • (#$eventOccursAt #$Reading001 #$CycorpHeadquarters)Reading Event 001 occurs at Cycorp Headquarters. • (#$topicOfInfoTransfer #$Reading001 #$BattleOfTheNile)The topic of the information transferred in Reading Event 001 is the Battle of the Nile.

  6. Representing roles in CycL What do you think these CycL examples mean? • (#$eventOccursAt #$BattleOfTheNile #$AbuQirBay) • (#$directingAgent #$BattleOfTheNile-BritishAttack #$HoratioNelson) • (#$subEvents #$BattleOfTheNile #$SinkingOfLOrient)

  7. Representing roles in CycL What do you think these CycL examples mean? • (#$eventOccursAt #$BattleOfTheNile #$AbuQirBay)The Battle of the Nile occurs at Abu Qir Bay. • (#$directingAgent #$BattleOfTheNile-BritishAttack #$HoratioNelson)Horatio Nelson directs the British Attack in the Battle of the Nile. • (#$subEvents #$BattleOfTheNile #$SinkingOfLOrient)The sinking of L’Orient is a sub-event of the Battle of the Nile.

  8. Ontologizing with roles • Roles allow the formulation of generalizations such as: • Anything reading a book must be an intelligent agent. • Anything being read must be textual material. • After a reading event, the reader is familiar with the information contained in the thing read.

  9. Rules that use roles • (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?READ #$Reading)(#$informationOrigin?READ ?OBJ)) (#$isa ?OBJ #$TextualMaterial)) • (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?READ #$Reading) (#$performedBy?READ ?PERS) (#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes ?PERS #$Blind)) (#$isa ?READ #$TouchPerception))

  10. Rules that use roles • (#$implies (#$isa ?BATTLE #$SeaBattle) (#$thereExists ?PLACE • (#$and • (#$isa ?PLACE #$BodyOfWater) • (#$eventOccursAt?BATTLE ?PLACE)))) • (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?BATTLE #$SeaBattle) (#$isa ?PERSON #$Person)(#$actors?BATTLE ?PERSON)) (#$capableOf ?PERSON #$Swimming-Generic#$performedBy))

  11. Inferencing using roles Mt: #$EPRExamplesMt • (#$isa #$NelsonPlanningTrafalgarAttack #$PlanningToDoSomething) • (#$doneBy #$NelsonPlanningTrafalgarAttack #$HoratioNelson) (#$isa #$HoratioNelson #$IntelligentAgent) (#$performedBy #$NelsonPlanningTrafalgarAttack #$HoratioNelson)

  12. #$Rolehas important sub-types • #$ActorSlot • #$performedBy, #$objectActedOn • #$SubProcessSlot • #$subEvents • Other roles • #$distanceTranslated, #$objectsInContact

  13. An Alternative Representation: Event Predicates • Instead of reifying a #$MilitaryAttack event(#$thereExists ?ATTACK (#$and (#$isa ?ATTACK #$MilitaryAttack) (#$performedBy ?ATTACK #$BritishFleet) (#$maleficiary ?ATTACK #$NapoleonsEgypianFleet))) • Use a variable arity action predicate • Closer to Natural Language (#$ attacksMilitary-MainEffort#$BritishFleet #$NapoleonsEgyptianFleet)

  14. The Event Representation can be Recovered • By the use of an expansion axiom: (#$expansion #$attacksMilitary-MainEffort (#$and (#$isa :ARG3 #$MilitaryAttack) (#$performedBy :ARG3 :ARG1) (#$maleficiary :ARG3 :ARG2)))) • When #$attacksMilitary-MainEffort is declared to be an #$ELRelation, an atomic formula with it as predicate will be expanded into the displayed conjunction, with the first and second arguments replacing :ARG1 and :ARG2, respectively, and an optional third argument corresponding to an event of type #$MilitaryAttack.

  15. Specializations of #$EventPredicate • #$ActionPredicate • A collection of predicates • Makes assertions about actions performed by agents#$looksFor, #$firesOn, #$traverses, #$loggingInOnAComputer #$movesInDirection-Agentive, #$spit • #$ScriptPredicate • A collection of predicates • Makes assertions about instances of #$ScriptedEventType • A complex event requiring a ‘script’ -- a temporally ordered set of subevent types #$brushesTeeth-SET, #$cutaneousAnthraxInfection-SET

  16. Summary • Roles in Cyc • Roles include many kinds of relations • Representing roles in CycL • Ontologizing with roles • Rules that use roles • Inferencing using roles • #$Role has important sub-types • Event Predicates as an alternative to roles

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