Unit 11 Recovery, Prosperity, and Turmoil- Answers

Unit 11Recovery, Prosperity, and Turmoil- Answers Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power Point.

Unit 11: • Objective 11.01: Describe the effects of the Cold War on economic, political, and social life in America. • Essential Questions: • • How does a nation’s involvement in international conflicts affect politics and society at home? • • To what extent did the effects of the Cold War impact economic, political, and social life in America? • • Did the Cold War ultimately have a positive or negative impact on the United States?

The Cold War’s Impact on Life and Politics in the U.S: • Cold War: period when the U.S. and the Soviet Union were not at war but were on high alert for fear that the Soviets would attack the U.S. and the Communists would take over our government (we had an icy relationship with the Soviet Union)

The Cold War’s Impact on Life and Politics in the U.S: • After WWII the U.S. economy did very well • Socially there was a spread of suburbia as developers built more affordable houses that allowed people to move out of cities to the suburbs • Politically the people of the U.S. feared the spread of Communism and the threat of a nuclear war • People began to build fallout shelters: places people hoped to live and take cover in if the Soviet Union dropped a nuclear weapon on the nation • Schools did nuclear attack drills and taught students how to duck and cover under their desks in the event of a nuclear strike • People who supported Communism in the U.S. were targeted, harassed, and investigated

Government Policies Dealing With Communism and the Threat of Nuclear War: • National Security Act: combined the Department of War and the Department of Navy to create the Department of Defense • Created the Secretary of Defense to oversee military affairs • Created the president’s National Security Council to coordinate national security policies • Created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to spy on the Soviet Union (Russia) and its allies

Government Policies Dealing With Communism and the Threat of Nuclear War: • 1938 Congress created the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC): investigated charges against state department officials • Alger Hiss: accused of giving the Soviet Union secret U.S. documents during the 1930’s- convicted and sent to prison in 1950 • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: American couple accused of giving the Soviet Union secrets to the atomic bomb- convicted and sentenced to death

Hollywood Blacklist and Joseph McCarthy: • Many people in Hollywood were suspected of being Communists • The HUAC called many Hollywood actors, writers and producers to testify in court in 1947 • Some were Communists and some were not • Hollywood Ten: 10 people in Hollywood who refused to testify before the hearing because they believed it was a violation of their civil rights- they were sent to jail for contempt

Hollywood Blacklist and Joseph McCarthy: • Out of fear that they might be the next targeted, a number of Hollywood executives created the Hollywood Blacklist: a list of writers, actors, and directors the producers refused to work with because they were suspected of being Communist

Hollywood Blacklist and Joseph McCarthy: • Wisconsin senator Joseph McCarthy believed the government and the military had been infiltrated by Communists • He actually accused many people by name in the government and the military of being Communists • He accused so many important people of being Communists that he was called to testify before in a hearing on television • By the time it was all over McCarthy was seen as either paranoid or mentally unstable by almost everyone in the nation (but he did have some supporters) • McCarthyism: McCarthy’s fears about Communism

Legislative Action: • With the Cold War fear of a nuclear attack President Eisenhower believed the nation needed a stable highway system to allow people and the military to move around the country quickly (evacuate) • National Highway Act: called for the construction of a federal interstate highway system to improve mobility of citizens and the military

Legislative Action: • The Cold War meant it was important to maintain a strong military force • Selective Service Act of 1951: allowed the government to draft men between the ages of 18 and 26 into the military

Military-Industrial Complex: • President Eisenhower addressed the nation in 1961 and spoke of the importance of the Military-Industrial Complex: the link between the military who does the fighting, Congress who pays for the military, and the civilian work industry that makes the supplies for the military • The link between the three groups grew extremely important in during the Cold war as the United States built up its military for defense against an attack • The link remains important today

Development of the New Left: • Baby Boomers were the first generation where most people went to college- before WWII most people went straight to work after high school • When the Baby Boomers got into college they became activists in the social movements of the 1960’s • Their activism began a new political movement known as the New Left: the movement rejected many of the traditional views in society regarding race, gender roles, politics and morality- they called for government action to bring about change in society

Detente: • Détente: foreign policy developed by President Richard Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to reduce the tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and China by using diplomacy instead of military force • Nixon became the first president to acknowledge the Communists government of China and visit the country • Nixon also knew that although China and the Soviet Union (USSR) were both Communists, they did not agree on all subjects- he used this to gain an advantage over the USSR

Detente: • 1972 the U.S. and the USSR signed the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) • The SALT treaty limited the development of certain nuclear weapons and was a huge win for President Nixon • 1979 President Carter signed the SALT II with the USSR to limit nuclear arms production even more than the first • Problem: the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 and made the U.S. upset- SALT II was never approved by the U.S.

Detente: • 1980 President Ronald Reagan rejected the use of détente for dealing with the USSR • Reagan believed the weak Soviet economy could not keep up with the U.S. • Reagan believed increasing the arms race would force communism to collapse and bring an end to the need for nuclear weapons

Unit 11: • Objective 11.02: Trace major events of the Civil Rights Movement and evaluate its impact. • Essential Questions: • • How did the Civil Rights Movement change America? • • To what degree has equality been achieved in America? • • How did the philosophical shift toward more militant tactics impact the outcome of the Civil Rights Movement?

The Civil Rights Movement: • 1896Plessy v. Ferguson legalized segregation • Black people and white people were separated based on race- in many areas of the country equal access to facilities was denied to African Americans • The Civil Rights Movement: people fought for equality and against de jure segregation by challenging segregation laws

Civil Rights Education: • 1954 Thurgood Marshall defended the right of Linda brown to attend an all white school in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas • The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation was never equal- over turned the Plessy decision- Chief Justice Earl Warren said segregation was unconstitutional • No time limit for integration was set by the Supreme Court • Thurgood Marshall later became the first African American justice on the Supreme Court

Civil Rights Education: • 1957 Little Rock Nine: 9 black students were denied access to attend Little Rock High School- governor used the Arkansas national Guard to keep them out of school • President Eisenhower sent in the 101st Airborne to enforce the federal ruling • Ernest Green was the first African American to graduate from Little Rock High

Civil Rights Education: • 1962 the Supreme Court ruled Air Force veteran James Meredith be allowed to attend the University of Mississippi • President Kennedy sent in federal troops to escort James Meredith to class and 5,000 troops to calm the riots • He was the first African American to graduate from the University of Mississippi

Civil Rights Education: • Alabama Governor George Wallace opposed the integration of the University of Alabama • Eventually he was forced to comply with federal law • He ran for president in 1968 and 1972 but lost • He was shot and paralyzed in 1972 • He later apologized for his racists views

Discovery Education Videos: • Brown v. Board • Little Rock Nine • James Meredith • George Wallace • Songs of the Civil Rights Movement lyrics

Dixiecrats: • Segregation led to a third political party in the South • Dixiecrats: political party that supported segregation • The party had strong support at first in the South, but later lost power as the Republican party began to adopt many policies supported by southern Democrats

Martin Luther King Jr. and Non-Violent Protests

The Montgomery Bus Boycott: • December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat to a white man on the bus • NAACP leaders organized the Montgomery Improvement Association and chose Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to lead a boycott of public transportation in Montgomery, Alabama • The boycott lasted over 1 year • 1956 the Supreme Court ruled to integrate the buses in Montgomery • The victory made Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. the leader of the Civil Rights Movement

The Montgomery Bus Boycott: • M.L.K. Was influenced by the non-violent teachings of Ghandi • Ghandi taught civil disobedience as a non-violent refusal to obey laws • M.L.K. encouraged protesters of the Civil Rights Movement to use non-violence in the fight for equality • April 4, 1968 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed in Memphis, Tennessee

Discovery Education Videos: • MLK

Sit-Ins and Freedom Riders: • February 1, 1960 four North Carolina A&T University students sat at a whites only lunch counter and waited to be served • Sit-in: non-violent protest of sitting in a segregated area until served • Sit-in protesters across the country were kicked, hit, burned with cigarettes, spit on, and arrested • April 1960 students at Shaw University formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC): devoted to the use of nonviolent protests to demand civil rights equality

Sit-Ins and Freedom Riders: • 1960 the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in interstate bus terminals was unconstitutional • 1961 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized Freedom Rides to test the Court’s decision • CORE: organization devoted to social change through non-violent action • Summer 1961 Freedom Riders road bussed through the south to integrate bus stations • Riders were beaten and the busses were bombed in Aniston, Alabama • In Jackson, Mississippi Riders were arrested • Freedom Rides brought national attention to the abuses in the South and the fight for civil rights

Discovery Education Videos: • Sit-ins • Freedom Rides

The March on Washington: • Civil rights leaders planned a march on the nation’s capital to pressure leaders to pass civil rights legislation • August 28, 1963 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. led 200,000 protesters in the March on Washington- he spoke to the crowd at the Lincoln Memorial- it was 100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation and African Americans still did not have equality • He spoke of a day when black and white people could live together peacefully • One month later the KKK bombed the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama and killed 4 little girls getting ready for Sunday School

Legislative Changes Brought About By the Civil Rights Movement: • After the March on Washington President Kennedy proposed civil rights legislation • After his assassination President Johnson supported the movement and urged Congress to pass the laws in honor of President Kennedy • Civil Rights Act of 1964: prohibited segregation in public accommodations and discrimination in education and employment • 24th Amendment: outlawed poll taxes

Legislative Changes Brought About By the Civil Rights Movement: • March 1965 protesters marched in Selma, Alabama to protest voting rights abuses • Bloody Sunday: 500 marchers were attacked and beaten by police as they peacefully crossed the Edmund Pettis Bridge • 2 weeks later 3,000 marchers crossed the bridge in protest • 300 marchers walked 54 miles to Montgomery, Alabama • In Montgomery Dr. King led a rally of 40,000 people

Legislative Changes Brought About By the Civil Rights Movement: • Voting Rights Act 1965: ended voting abuses like literacy tests, allowed the use of federal troops to register voters if necessary • The Voting Rights Act and the 24th Amendment are two HUGE victories for the Civil Rights Movement- it was always the belief of the Movement that legislation was needed to make a change

Discovery Education Videos: • Bloody Sunday

President Lyndon B. Johnson and Affirmative Action: • President Johnson supported the Civil Rights Movement • He supported policies that fought against de facto segregation (caused by social and economic circumstances rather than law) • He developed a Great Society policy to help the Movement • Affirmative Action: policy where minorities are given special consideration for jobs or education to help them catch up to the advantages white people had been given in the past

Black Militant Movements: • By 1965 many African Americans were frustrated by the slow pace of change in the Civil Rights Movement • Many people began to cal for more aggressive action • Nation of Islam: combined Islam with the militant African American message- preached white people were devils who enslaved non-whites

Black Militant Movements: • Malcolm X: joined nation of Islam in prison- preached minorities should use “any means necessary” to gain equality • 1964 Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam • He went on a pilgrimage to the Islamic Holy city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia- he saw black and white Muslims praying together • When he returned to the U.S. he no longer preached that all white people were evil and called for blacks and whites to work together peacefully • The Nation of Islam considered him a traitor • February 21, 1965 Malcolm X was assassinated by three African American men

Black Militant Movements: • Some members of SNCC began to reject non-violence because they considered them too slow and ineffective • The militant group took over SNCC under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael: called for Black Power: included pride in African heritage, separate black economic and political institutions, self-defense against white violence, and sometimes violent revolution • Black Panthers: fought to end de jour and de facto segregation- advocated African Americans lead their own communities and demanded the government rebuild ghettos • Panthers were sometimes violent, but gave aid to the poor and urban African Americans

Unit 11: • Objective 11.03: Identify major social movements including, but not limited to, those involving women, young people, and the environment, • and evaluate the impact of these movements in the United States’ society. • Essential Questions: • • To what extent did social movements in America impact women, young people, and the environment? • • How effective are challenges to authority in bringing about change? • • How is America different because of the social movements which took place between 1945-1980?

Major Social Movements Between 1945 and 1980

Youth, Music and the Counter Culture: • In the 1950’s young people began to listen to new forms of music to break away from the traditions of their parents • Rock-n-Roll music developed • Elivs Presley became very popular by introducing the sounds of black rhythm and blues and new dance moves to white teenagers • Counter Culture: movement of young people who wanted to defy traditional institutions of America like government, religion, schools and even their parents • British Invasion: popular long-haired bands from England like the Beatles and the Rolling Stones

Woodstock and Haight-Ashbury: • Woodstock Music and Art Fair: 1969 New York- thousands of people went to the concert-festival to promote peace, hear the latest bands, use drugs, and be free • Most Americans were shocked by what they saw happened at Woodstock on the news • It was a loud symbol of the divide in culture in American at the time • Haight-Ashbury: San Francisco district- defined the hippie counterculture- famous for drug use and musical artists that lived there

Causes and Movements

Migrant Workers: • The United Farm Workers: founded by Cesar Chavez- supported the rights of migrant farm workers • Chavez used non-violent protests and hunger strikes • Famous boycott of California table grapes- resulted in 1970 labor agreement between growers and workers

American Indian Movement: • American Indian Movement (AIM): fought for the rights of Native Americans- drew attention to Native American concerns and helped bring about legislation intended to aid Native Americans

The Women’s Movement: • In the 1950’s TV and advertisements portrayed women as being happy at home taking care of the children, cooking and cleaning • Women were expected to follow strict social and moral rules not put on men • 1963 Betty Friedan wrote a book called the Feminine Mystique- talked about her own experience of giving up her career for her family- suggested the idea of women only being happy in the home was a myth

The Women’s Movement: • Betty Friedan’s ideas helped launch the Women’s Movement: Women’s Liberation rejected traditional gender roles and advocated equality between men and women • Friedan founded the National Organization for Women (NOW): was devoted to “action to bring American women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now” • NOW attacked media advertising and images that it saw as reinforcing traditional stereotypes about women- supported political candidates that supported women’s equality

The Women’s Movement: • Gloria Steinem: founded Ms. Magazine- focused on issues of the Women’s Movement • Phyllis Schlafly: did not support the Women’s Movement- thought the Women’s Movement would destroy family values- many American women supported her opinion • 1972 an Equal Rights Amendment was passed by Congress and sent to the states for ratification- it was very controversial- many women and men felt ERA went too far- the amendment was not ratified

Unit 11 Recovery, Prosperity, and Turmoil- Answers