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Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology. Infancy and Childhood Chapter 10. Infancy Birth – two years. Childhood Two years to adolescence. Physical Development.

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Developmental Psychology

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  1. Developmental Psychology Infancy and Childhood Chapter 10

  2. Infancy • Birth – two years • Childhood • Two years to adolescence

  3. Physical Development • Pregnancy = remarkable growth : microscopic → 20 inches long with all organs and limbs and body parts in tact…including the miraculous brain we’ve been talking about. • Reflexes are automatic.

  4. Physical Development • Infancy – • 1st year: triple birth weight and grow about 10 inches • 2nd year: gain 4-7 lbs and grow 4-6 inches • Childhood – • After 2 years, children gain about 2-3 inches in height and 4-6 lbs per year until they reach adolescence.

  5. Physical Development • Motor Development • Gross= rolling over, crawling, walking • Fine = hand eye coordination, grabbing things, holding things, throwing • Improves with age • Perceptual Development • Vision changes from complex images to a preference for face. • Suggests a theory for nature and nurture • The sense of sound is almost immediate. • The sense of smell is almost immediate as well.

  6. Social Development • Attachment – emotional ties that form between people • By 4 months, infants prefer to be with someone. They cry when separated from mothers. • Stranger anxiety • Separation anxiety

  7. Development of Attachment • Contact comfort – babies want to feel the soft contact of their mother’s • Attachment enables babies to feel secure and explore. • Harry F. Harlow’s Study

  8. Effects of Attachment Secure • Caregivers are reliable and protective • Children become more successful and comfortable in their environment • Have healthier relationships in the future with partners, teachers, and peers. • When caregivers are unresponsive or unreliable • Children do not mind being left alone, but they do not trust the caregiver. • They often cry when the caregiver is responsive as if they are angry. • Effects future relationships in a negative way. Insecure

  9. Parenting Styles Warm • Supportive • Protective • Affectionate • Caring • Children are well adjusted • Children develop a conscience • Indifferent • Careless • Detached • Negligent • Children are interested in escaping punishment • Lack of conscience Cold

  10. Parenting Styles Strict • Demanding • Controlling • Dictatorial • Antagonistic • Want order • Consistent and firm enforcement of rules can foster achievement and self-control as long as it is paired with love and support. • Lenient • Democratic • Inconsistent • Overindulgent • Want freedom to express • No time to monitor children Permissive

  11. Self-Esteem • Secure attachment encourages self-esteem • Parenting style also effects self-esteem • Which parenting styles encourage self-esteem? • Age and self-esteem • In elementary school, children tend to have low self-esteem because they think other people see them the way they see themselves.

  12. Cognitive DevelopmentJean Piaget Style • Sensorimotor Stage • Age – 0-2 • Object permanence, sensation and perception with motor activity • Preoperational Stage • Age – 2-7 • One-dimensional thinking, egocentrism, artificialism, animistic • Concrete-Operational Stage • Age – 7-12 • Signs of adult thinking (not abstract), reduced egocentrism • Formal-Operational Stage • Age – 12+ • Abstract thought, hypothetical situations, strategy, plan ahead

  13. Moral DevelopmentLawrence Kohlberg Style • Preconventional Level • 1. Avoiding Punishment • 2. Satisfying Needs • Conventional Level • 3. Winning approval • 4. Law and order • High regard for authority • Postconventional Level • 5. Social Order • Personal values, accepted laws • 6. Universal Ethics • Morality of individual conscience

  14. Abuse and Neglect • Physical, sexual, emotional, and psychological abuse is widespread • Underreported • Unable, unwilling, or afraid • Neglect • Failure to provide adequate food, shelter, clothing, schooling and emotional support

  15. Why do parents abuse and neglect their children? • Stress • History of abuse themselves • Acceptance of violence as a coping method • Lack of attachment to the child • Substance abuse • Alcoholism to cope • Leads to abuse • Genetic

  16. Affects of Child Abuse • Higher risk of developing psychological issues • Less likely to be close to their peers • More likely to continue the pattern into adulthood • Adopt parents attitudes of discipline

  17. How to children deal with and overcome abuse and neglect? • If helped, children can learn to deal with issues • If help is sought from a non-abusive adult, such as a teacher, coach, or guidance counselor, patterns of abuse can be changed

  18. Developmental Psychology Adolescence Chapter 11

  19. Stages of Adolescent Development • Early Adolescence • 11 through 14 • Middle Adolescence • 15 through 18 • Late Adolescence • 18 though 21

  20. Physical development • Growth spurt • Girls start the spurt at age 10 or 11. • Boys start the spurt at age 12 or 13. • Most adolescents grow about 8-12 inches during this 2-3 year process. • Awkwardness • Parts of the body grow and change at different rates. • EX. Hands and feet may look too big.

  21. Sexual Changes

  22. Social Development • Relationships with Parents • Quest for independence • Relationships with Peers • Value loyalty • Choose friends with similarities • Cliques • Peer pressure

  23. Why do people date? • Enjoy spending time with somebody they like • Helps them learn how to relate positively to other people • Helps prepare for more serious courtships late in life • Dating relationships start off has casual and short-lived and grow into stable and committed relationships with maturity.

  24. Identity Formation • According to Erik Erikson, the main task of an adolescent is to form an identity. • Experiments with different beliefs, roles, values, and relationships • Identity crisis: Who am I? • Identity moratorium • Searching for identity, exploring alternatives • Identity foreclosure • Conforming, accepting childhood identity and values, identifying with others • Making commitments and plans without self examination • Identity diffusion • Making no commitment, no soul searching • Identity achievement • Exploring options, committing to direction in life and occupation, finding own identity

  25. Challenges of Adolescence • Problems at home • Family Problems • Conflicts with Parents • Getting a good job • Providing for the family • Problems at School • Grades, graduation, getting into college, participating in extracurricular activities, overwhelming work load • Problems with Peers • Boyfriends/Girlfriends • Fitting in with peer groups • Social acceptance

  26. Eating Disorders • Effects more girls than boys • Anorexia Nervosa • Self-starvation and body distortion issues • Bulimia Nervosa • Binge and purge • Why? • Return to the way they were before puberty • Avoid growing up • Cope with loneliness • Participation in sports and extracurriculars

  27. Substance abuse • Why? • Curiosity, peer pressure, parental use, rebelliousness, escape from boredom or pressure, search for excitement and pleasure • What are they using? • 35% of teenagers smoke • 27% use Marijuana • Almost all high school and college students use or have tried alcohol • Athletes and cocaine • Marijuana • Contains more tar than cigarettes, elevates heart rate and blood pressure, affects retention of information

  28. Alcohol Abuse • Use to deal with stress, peer pressure, or parental use • Reduce anxiety and tension • Can lead to aggressive behavior, poor grades, degrading of social skills, dependence, and car accidents • Persons can easily become addicted to alcohol which can easily affect their personality and relationships with others • Prefrontal Cortex development

  29. Sexuality • Parents adults say “No” vs. body saying “Yes!” • Many adolescents are not sexually active • Dating earlier in life means you are more likely to have sexual relationships in high school • ½ of all adolescent girls who get pregnant end up dropping out of school and on welfare

  30. Crime • Not connected to socioeconomic status • Factors that contribute • Low self-esteem • Alienation and estrangment • Lack of affection, discipline, and punishment • Poor grades • Pressure from peers • Parents who have a criminal history

  31. Getting help and Prevention • Teens that fear the onset of a particular problem (aka alcohol abuse, substance abuse, crime, eating disorders, etc.) are more likely to stop their problem if they seek help from a trusted adult • Easier to fix a problem before it starts than after a person is addicted • Students who talk about their problems for prevention purposes are more likely to get good grades, graduate from high school, go to college, and get a steady job than those who think they either don’t have a problem or don’t get help

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