Chemical vs. Physical Properties

1. Chemical vs. Physical Properties University of Lincoln presentation This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

2. The periodic table Increasing metallic character H He B Li Be C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Increasing metallic character Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Metals Metalloids Nonmetals This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

3. Properties of Matter • Types of matter are distinguished by their properties • There are two categories of properties that concern us: • Physical properties • Chemical properties • If two samples of matter have the same properties, they must be the same substance This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

4. Properties of Matter • Understanding the properties of compounds is important for: • Identifying an unknown substance • Distinguishing between different substances • Characterising a newly discovered substance • Predicting the usefulness of a substance for a specific application This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

5. Properties of Matter • Physical properties –the identifying characteristics of matter • Some properties can be readily measured with our senses • odour • Colour • Instruments are needed to measure other properties • electrical resistivity • compressibility • hardness • melting point • radioactivity This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

6. Properties of Matter • Chemical properties – describe the reactivity of a substance towards other substances • Ethanol burns in air (reacts with oxygen) • Sodium reacts vigorously with water • Corrosion of metal parts (rust) • Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is explosive • Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is an hallucinogenic drug This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

7. METALS good conductors of electricity Ductile malleable, lustrous typically: solid high melting point good conductors of heat NON METALS poor conductors of electricity not ductile not malleable solid, liquid or gas low melting point poor conductors of heat Physical properties This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

8. METALS react with acids form basic oxides react with acids form cations form ionic halides NON METALS do not react with acids form acidic oxides react with bases form anions form covalent halides Chemical properties This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

9. The Rubber Book This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

10. Ethanol Stoichiometry = C2H6O Melting Point = -115 ºC Boiling Point = 78 ºC Density = 0.79 g/cm3 Dimethyl Ether Stoichiometry = C2H6O Melting Point = -140 ºC Boiling Point = -24 ºC Density = Gas Ethylene Glycol Stoichiometry = C2H6O2 Melting Point = -16 ºC Boiling Point = 197 ºC Density = 1.11 g/cm3 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

11. Mixtures • Homogeneous Mixture– composition and properties are uniform (sometimes called a solution) • Air – principal components include O2, N2 & CO2 • Vodka – principal components are EtOH & H2O • Brass – solid solution of Cu and Zn • Ruby – solid solution of Al2O3 and Cr2O3 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

12. Mixtures • Heterogeneous Mixture –composition and properties are non-uniform • Chocolate Chip Cookie – chocolate, sugar, dough, etc. • Concrete – cement, sand, aggregate • Vomit – Depends upon previous intake of food and drink This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

13. Mixtures, Compounds & Elements Matter No Yes Is it uniform throughout? Heterogeneous mixture Homogeneous Does it have a variable composition? No Yes Pure substance Homogeneous mixture (solution) No Can it be separated Into simpler Substances? Yes Element Compound This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

14. Mixtures, Compounds & Elements Molecules of an element Atoms of an element N2 Na Mixture of elements and a compound Molecules of a compound SO3 Mixture This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

15. Changes in Matter • Physical change • Substance changes physical appearance without altering its identity e.g. changes of state ice melting to form water This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

16. Changes in Matter • Chemical changes (or chemical reactions) • Substances transform into chemically different substances i.e. identity changes e.g. decomposition of water This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

17. Chemical Physical Changes in Matter Gas Sublimation Evaporation Deposition Condensation Melting Solid Liquid Freezing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

18. Solubility • Defined as: • The quantity of a particular substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent (yielding a saturated solution) • Can be expressed in g/100g of water, mol dm-3 • Generally refers to the compound’s ability to dissolve in water • the aqueous phase (aq) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

19. Solubility • A saturated solution • contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve • undissolved solute remains This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

20. Solubility • An unsaturated solution • does not contain all the solute that could dissolve This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

21. Rule 1 ALL nitrate (NO3-) nitrite (NO2-) chlorate (ClO3-) and perchlorate (ClO4-) salts are soluble Exceptions Silver nitrite and potassium perchlorate are considered only slightly soluble Solubility This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

22. Rule 2 ALL alkali metal (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) and ammonium(NH4+) salts are soluble Exceptions Some Li+ salts are insoluble Solubility This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

23. Rule 3 MOST halogen(Cl¯, Br¯, I¯) salts are soluble Exceptions Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, Cu+, Tl+ (Pb2+ halogens are soluble in hot water) HgBr2is only slightly soluble Solubility This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

24. Rule 4 MOST acetate(C2H3O2¯) salts are soluble Exceptions Ag+, Hg22+ Solubility This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

25. Rule 5 MOST sulphate (SO42¯)salts are soluble Exceptions Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ra2+, Pb2+, Ag+, Hg2+ (Some sources consider calcium sulphate and silver sulphate to be slightly soluble) Solubility This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

26. Rule 6 MANY sulphides (S2¯)salts are insoluble Exceptions All alkali metal and alkaline earth (Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ra2+) sulphides are soluble Ammonium sulphide is soluble (Some sources consider MgS, CaS and BaS to be slightly soluble) Solubility This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

27. Rule 7 MOST borates (BO32-), carbonates (CO32-), chromates (CrO42-), phosphates (PO43-), and sulphites (SO32-) are slightly soluble Exceptions MgCrO4 is soluble, MgSO3is slightly soluble Solubility This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

28. Rule 8 MOST hydroxide (OH-) salts are insoluble Exceptions Alkali metal hydroxides are soluble Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Tl+ are considered slightly soluble Solubility This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

29. Solubility Product Ksp • In general, the solubility productis the equilibrium constant for the solubility equilibrium of a slightly soluble (or nearly insoluble) ionic compound (Next Semester) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

30. Temperature & Solubility FACT: The solubility of a gas decreases with an increase in temperature A. Why might a bottle of carbonated drink burst (explode) when it is left out in the hot sun ? B.Why do fish die in water that gets too warm? Based on Daltons Law and Henry’s Law This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

31. Corrosion • Corrosionis the ‘destructive interaction between a material and its operation environment’ It leads to material degradation and contamination of the environment This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

32. Corrosion • Corrosion is a more general term than ‘rusting’ – a concept that only relates to a homogeneous type of attack often of iron or steel, in natural environments. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

33. Corrosion • Non metals can also corrode • Chemical corrosion • Removal of atoms from a material by virtue of the solubility or chemical reaction between the material and the surrounding liquid This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

34. Corrosion by Acid Rain 1908 1969 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

35. Biodeterioration • Can be defined as: • Any undesirable change in the properties of a material caused by the vital activities of organisms This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

36. Biodeterioration • Types: • physical or mechanical • material is not a food source • root damage, gnawing by rodents • fouling or soiling • material not damaged • fungus on shower curtain, barnacles • chemical assimilatory • material is used as a carbon and/or energy source • food spoilage, degradation of fuels, metals • chemical dissimilatory • substance not used as carbon and energy source • acid waste products, tooth decay This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

37. Flammability • A Flammable substance could be defined as ‘having the ability to burn’ • A Flammable liquid can be defined as: • any liquid having a flash point below 100 F (37.8 oC) • except any mixture having components with flash points of 100F (37.8 oC.) or higher, the total of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

38. Definitions • Flash Point • Lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid exposed to air will burn when exposed to sparks or flame. • Auto Ignition Temperature • Temperature above which spontaneous combustion can occur without the use of a spark or flame • Ignition Energy • Lowest amount of energy required for ignition • Flammable Liquids • Liquids with a flash point < 100F (38 oC) • Combustible Liquids • Liquids with a flash point > 100F (38 oC) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

39. The Fire Triangle Oxidizers Gases Oxygen, fluorine, chlorine hydrogen peroxide, nitricacid, perchloric acid Solids Metal peroxides, ammonium Nitrate Liquids Fuel Air (Oxygen) Ignition source • Fuels: • Liquids • gasoline, acetone, ether, pentane • Solids • plastics, wood dust, fibers, metal particles • Gases • acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen • Ignition sources • Sparks, flames, static electricity, heat This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

40. Fire and Forensics • Accelerant and fire debris analysis • Fire Modelling • Smoke Analysis – Current work at Lincoln • Characterisation of smoke • Much, much, more on Fire and Explosion Investigation in Level 3 ! This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

41. Acknowledgements • JISC • HEA • Centre for Educational Research and Development • School of natural and applied sciences • School of Journalism • SirenFM • http://tango.freedesktop.org This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License