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Understanding Physical and Chemical Properties

Explore physical properties like viscosity, conductivity, and density along with chemical properties like reactivity and flammability. Learn how to distinguish between physical and chemical changes, and understand methods to separate mixtures based on properties.

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Understanding Physical and Chemical Properties

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  1. physical and chemical Properties Sections 2.2 and 2.3

  2. What is a Physical Property? • Any characteristic of a material that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substances in the material. • Viscosity, conductivity, malleability, harness, melting and boiling points, density, and temperature are just a few examples.

  3. Viscosity • The tendency of a liquid to keep from flowing- its resistance to flowing. • The higher the viscosity of a liquid, the slower the liquid moves. • When a substance is heated, the viscosity of that substance lowers.

  4. Conductivity • A material’s ability to allow heat to flow. • Materials with a high conductivity are called conductors.

  5. Malleability • The ability of a solid (metal) to be shaped without breaking.

  6. Hardness, Melting & Boiling Points • To test hardness of material, you see which material can scratch the other. • Melting Point: The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to liquid. • Boiling Point: The temperature at which a substance boils.

  7. Density • Density is a ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume d=m/v • Objects made out of the same material have the same density. • Density can be used to test the purity of a substance.

  8. Using Properties to Separate Mixtures • Filtration: A process that separates materials based on the size of their particles by using a strainer or filter. • Distillation: A process that separates the substance in a solution based on their boiling points.

  9. Physical Changes • Occurs When some of the properties of a material change, but the substances in the material remain the same. • Some physical changes can be reversed. • Freezing, melting, then freezing water again

  10. What is a Chemical Property? • Any ability to produce a change in the composition of matter. • Can only be observed when the substances in a sample of matter are changing into different substances.

  11. Examples Flammability Reactivity • Flammability • The material’s ability to burn in the presence of oxygen. • Lighting a candle • Reactivity • How readily a substance combines chemically with another substance. • Oxygen reacts easily with most elements. When oxygen reacts with iron and water rust forms.

  12. Recognizing a Chemical Change • A chemical change occurs when a substance reacts and forms one or more new substances. • Three common types of evidence: • Change of Color • Production of Gas • Formation of a Precipitate • Any solid that forms and separates from a liquid mixture.

  13. Is it Chemical or Physical? • Don’t be fooled! • A color change or production of gas doesn’t always mean that a chemical change has taken place. • Ask yourself this: • Are different substances present after the change takes place? • If you answer “no” then it’s a physical change • If you answer “yes then it’s a chemical change

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