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Body Organization and Terminology

Body Organization and Terminology. Lab Exercise 2 Bio 160. Body Cavities. Axial – Head, neck and trunk. Appendicular – Upper and lower limbs. Body Cavities. Dorsal cavity – back side – formed by cranium and vertebrae. Cranial cavity – contains brain.

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Body Organization and Terminology

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  1. Body Organization and Terminology Lab Exercise 2 Bio 160

  2. Body Cavities • Axial – Head, neck and trunk • Appendicular – Upper and lower limbs

  3. Body Cavities • Dorsal cavity – back side – formed by cranium and vertebrae • Cranial cavity – contains brain • Vertebral (spinal) canal – contains spinal cord

  4. Body Cavities • Ventral Cavity – Belly side - organs inside are collectively called viscera lined with serous membrane (parietal and visceral) (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium) • Thoracic cavity • Pleural cavity - contains lungs (parietal and visceral pleura)

  5. Body Cavities • Mediastinum - mass of soft tissue between lungs from sternum to vertebral column; includes heart in pericardial cavity (parietal and visceral pericardium), aorta, esophagus and trachea

  6. Body Cavities • Abdominopelvic cavity - lined with parietal and visceral peritoneum (diaphragm divides the thoracic from abdominopelvic) • Abdominal • Pelvic

  7. Body Cavities • Smaller cavities within the head • Oral cavity • Nasal cavity and sinuses • Orbital cavity • Middle ear cavity

  8. Organ Systems • Integumentary system – Body covering • Skin • Hair and nails • Skeletal system – Support and protection of soft tissue, production of blood cells and storage of calcium • Bones

  9. Organ Systems • Ligaments • Cartilage • Muscular system – Movement, posture maintenance and heat production • Skeletal muscles • Tendons

  10. Organ Systems • Nervous system – Receives sensory information, interprets information and stimulates effectors (ex. muscles or glands) • Brain • Spinal cord • Nerves

  11. Organ Systems • Endocrine system – Secretes hormones • Pituitary gland • Thyroid gland • Adrenal gland • Pancreas • Ovaries and Testes • Thymus

  12. Organ Systems • Cardiovascular system – Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes throughout body • Heart • Arteries • Veins

  13. Organ Systems • Lymphatic system – Transports fluids back to bloodstream and some fats away from digestive system, also helps fight infections • Lymphatic vessels • Lymph nodes • Thymus • Spleen

  14. Organ Systems • Digestive system – Breaks down food into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body • Mouth • Tongue • Teeth • Salivary glands • Pharnyx

  15. Organ Systems • Esophagus • Stomach • Liver • Gallbladder • Pancreas • Small Intestines • Large Intestines

  16. Organ Systems • Respiratory system – Move air in and out and exchange gases between the blood and air • Nasal cavity and Pharnyx • Larnyx • Trachea • Bronchi • Lungs

  17. Organ Systems • Urinary system – Removes wastes from blood and maintains the body’s water and salt balance • Kidneys • Ureters • Urinary bladder • Urethra

  18. Organ Systems • Male Reproductive system –Production and delivery of male reproductive cells (sperm) • Scrotum • Testes • Penis • Urethra

  19. Organ Systems • Female Reproductive system –Production and maintenance of female reproductive cells (eggs) • Ovaries • Uterine tubes (Oviducts; Fallopian tubes) • Uterus • Vagina

  20. Anatomical Position • body upright facing observer • arms at side • palms facing forward

  21. Directional Terms (anatomical directions) • Dorsal – back side • Ventral – belly side • Anterior – that part which goes first (= ventral because belly goes first when we proceed (anterior = ventral only in bipeds and not in quadripeds))

  22. Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (2) • Posterior – that part which follows (posterior = dorsal) • Superior – toward head or above another structure • Inferior – away from the head or below another structure

  23. Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (3) • Lateral – away from midline • Medial – toward midline • Superficial – near the surface • Deep – more internal than superficial parts

  24. Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (4) • Proximal • nearer to point of attachment of an extremity to trunk (ex. humerus is proximal to radius) • nearer to point of reference (origin) (ex. proximal convoluted tubules in kidney nephrons)

  25. Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (5) • Distal • further from attachment of an extremity to trunk • further from point of reference (origin)

  26. Body Planes & Sections • Plane – imaginary flat surface • Section – flat surface resulting from a cut made through the structure • Sagittal - section resulting from a plane that divides the body into right and left portions

  27. Body Planes & Sections (2) • Frontal (Coronal) - section resulting from a plane that divides body into front and back (anterior and posterior) • Transverse (cross) (xs) - section resulting from a plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions along a horizontal plane (actually any section that is a right angle to the length of a structure) (a slice of bread is a cross section of a loaf of bread)

  28. Body Regions • Review Body Regions in text, pages 14-17, Fig 1.15&1.16

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