When the parts of the endocrine system shut down…

1. When the parts of the endocrine system shut down…

2. Remember that the endocrine system regulates… * body energy levels * reproduction * growth and development * internal balance of body systems, called homeostasis * responses to surroundings, stress and injury

3. Disorders • Endocrine system diseases and disorders happen when one or more of the endocrine systems in your body are not working well. • These irregularities are also called a hormone imbalance. • not be enough receptors, or binding sites, • regulating the hormones in the blood stream, • the body may have difficulty controlling hormone levels because of problems clearing hormones from the blood

4. Diabetes • Too much sugar (glucose) in the blood stream • occurs when the pancreas does not produce the hormone insulin • Insulin is necessary in carrying the sugar to the cells for cellular respiration • If insulin is not present, sugar not converted into energy, thus metabolism cannot occu • Symptoms of diabetes include fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision, excessive thirst, and excessive urination.

5. Growth disorders • Growth and development controlled by the pituitary gland • Growth Hormone (somatotropin) is release by the pituitary and controlled by the hypothalmus • Bones, muscles, and other tissues are affected by GH • In children: stimulates linear growth, or height • development of muscle and bone • distribution of body fat throughout the body • In adults: affects energy, muscle strength, bone health, and psychological well being

6. Growth disorders continued… • too much GH = acromegaly (adults) • caused by a non-cancerous pituitary gland tumor of the pituitary gland • too much GH in children causes gigantism. • Rare • growth hormone deficiency (GHD) • A child can be born with GHD. • The condition also may arise because of damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland as a child or adult because of a tumor, an infection, or radiation to the brain — usually for the treatment of a tumor. • A deficiency in GH may also have an undefined cause.

7. growth hormone deficiency (GHD) • Children • grow less than two inches per year • have extra fat in the abdomen and face • blood sugar levels also may be low • may experience emotional distress

8. Adults • acquired the deficiency after reaching maturity • Increased body fat (particularly at the waist and in the face) • Decreased muscle and bone mass • Thinning skin with fine wrinkles • Poor sweating or impaired temperature regulation • Reduced strength and endurance • Low energy level • Decreased well-being (moodiness, mild depression) • Loss of interest in sex • Poor sleep • Higher cholesterol levels, especially LDL (“bad”) cholesterol • Overproduction of insulin

9. Reproductive • Menopause - the ability to become pregnant ceases • May take 10 years to complete • Average age range 47-55 • Estrogen levels drop, egg release halts • May be caused earlier due to • Removal of ovaries • Radiation/chemotherapy • Gland disorders • Severe illness

10. Osteoperosis • a progressive condition in which bones become structurally weak and are more likely to fracture or break • Bones in the hip, spine, and wrist are especially prone to fragility fractures • Hormones that affect bone loss: • Estrogen= protects bone • Loss of testosterone • excess cortisol = produced in the adrenal gland • too much of the hormone prolactin • high doses of thyroid hormone also have a higher risk.

11. pituitary gland • pituitary tumors • can interfere with the normal formation and release of hormones. • Two types of tumors exist - secretory and non-secretory • Hypersecretion = too much hormone secreted • Hyposecretion = too little hormone secreted • Tumor mass effects = tumor presses against pituitary gland • Headaches, hyposecretion related problems • Caused by major head trauma or medications

12. Polycystic Ovary SyndromePCOS • Ovaries produce small amounts of androgens to control egg release • PCOS = too much of any type of androgen is produced • Cysts (follicles), contain eggs and build up in the ovaries • leading cause of infertility • is likely that it is a genetic disorder

13. Thyroid Disorders • Thyroid hormones regulate how the body breaks down food and either uses that energy immediately or stores it for the future • Thyroid hormones influence virtually every organ system in the body. • also regulate the consumption of oxygen and the production of heat

14. Hyperthyroidism • Too much thyroid hormone from an overactive thyroid gland • speeds up the body's metabolism • 1% of women get it, more common in women than men

15. Affects women between 20-40 • Muscle weakness • Trembling hands • Rapid heartbeat • Fatigue • Weight loss • Diarrhea or frequent bowel movements • Irritability and anxiety • Vision problems (irritated eyes or difficulty seeing) • Menstrual irregularities • Intolerance to heat and increased sweating • Infertility

16. Hypothyroidism • Too little thyroid hormone from an underactive thyroid gland • body's metabolism is slowed • Maybe a result of the pituitary gland not producing Thyroid homone Releasing hormone • causing many physical and mental processes to become sluggish • body consumes less oxygen and produces less body heat

17. Fatigue • Mental depression • Sluggishness • Feeling cold • Weight gain • Dry skin and hair • Constipation • Menstrual irregularities

18. Thyroid Nodules • small swelling or lump in the thyroid gland • nodules represent either a growth of thyroid tissue or a fluid-filled cyst • most nodules are not cancerous • some thyroid nodules may produce too much thyroid hormone or become too large, interfering with an individual's breathing or swallowing or may cause neck discomfort.