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  9. Chronology of Ocean Exploration: • 2750 B.C. – First recorded expedition of exploration from Egypt • 2500 B.C. – Polynesians begin their migration throughout the South Pacific • 1000 B.C. – Phoenician merchant seamen explore the Mediterranean  • 500  B.C. – Greeks record travels along the northwestern coast of Africa • 450  B.C. – Herodotus compiles a map of the known world

  10. 325   B.C. – Greeks add England and India to their maps • 100   A.D. – Chinese invent first compass • 120   A.D. – Ptolemy develops geographic system of latitude and longitude • 735   A.D. – Bede suggests lunar control of tides • 982   A.D. – Erik the Red completes the first trans-Atlantic crossing • 1002 A.D. – Leif Eriksson establishes the settlement of Vinland (Newfoundland) • 1066 A.D. – Normans (Vikings) conquer England • 1328 A.D. – Invention of the sawmill spurs shipbuilding • 1406 A.D. – Ptolemy's geography is introduced in Europe • 1441 A.D. – Portuguese navigators cruise West Africa and establish slave trade • 1450 A.D. – Prince Henry establishes a Naval observatory  • 1470 A.D. – Portuguese explorations discover Africa's Gold Coast and the Congo • 1492 A.D. – Columbus sets sail • 1497 A.D. – Vasco da Gama rounds the Cape of Good Hope and reaches India • 1497 A.D. – Cabot sites "new found land" during search for Northwest Passage • 1511 A.D. – Portugal defeats the Arabian empire in the first major naval battle 

  11. 1519 A.D. – Magellan begins global circumnavigation with five ships, 270 men • 1521 A.D. – Magellan killed by natives in the Philippines (April 27) • 1522 A.D. – eighteen of Magellan's crew and one ship return (September 6) • 1534 A.D. – Jacques Cartier enters the St. Lawrence River • 1577 A.D. – Sir Francis Drake circumnavigates the globe • 1609 A.D. – Henry Hudson explores present-day New York and Hudson River • 1768 A.D. – James Cook begins the first of his Pacific explorations • 1770 A.D. – Benjamin Franklin publishes his map of the Gulf Stream • 1778 A.D. – Cook explores Hawaiian Islands • 1779 A.D. – Cook killed in Hawaii • 1807 A.D. – Thomas Jefferson mandates coastal charting of the United States • 1831 A.D. – Charles Darwin begins his expeditions on the HMS Beagle • 1855 A.D. – Matthew Maury publishes the Physical Geography of the Sea • 1872 A.D. – HMS Challenger sets sail from England • 1877 A.D. – Agassiz extensively samples deep-sea life while aboard the Blake • 1888 A.D. – Marine Biological Laboratory founded at Woods Hole • 1893 A.D. – Fridtjof Nansen sets adrift in the Arctic Ocean aboard the Fram

  12. 1903 A.D. – Scripps Institution of Oceanography established in California • 1912 A.D. – Alfred Wegener begins a series of lectures on continental drift • 1925 A.D. – Vessel Meteor studies the physical oceanography of the Atlantic • 1930 A.D. – Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is founded in Massachusetts • 1942 A.D. – The Oceans published, the first comprehensive book on oceanography • 1943 A.D. – SCUBA developed by Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan • 1948 A.D. – Texas A&M Department of Oceanography established  • 1949 A.D. – Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Palisades, New York) is founded • 1960 A.D. – Bathyscaphe Trieste descends to 10,912 m in the Marianas Trench

  13. 1968 A.D. – National Science Foundation creates the Deep-Sea Drilling Project • 1970 A.D. – U.S. creates the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration • 1977 A.D. – ALVIN documents deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the tropical Pacific • 1978  A.D. – SEASAT-A, the first dedicated oceanographic satellite, is launched • 1985 A.D. – Deep-Sea Drilling Project reorganized as the Ocean Drilling Program 

  14. 1992 A.D. – TOPEX satellite is launched to measure sea surface altimetry • 1995 A.D. – Japanese robotic submersible Kaiko sets a new depth record

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