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Splash Screen. Chapter Objectives. After studying this chapter, you should be able to:. describe the causes of the French Wars of Religion and explain how they were resolved. explain the militant Catholicism of Philip II and its effects on Europe.

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Splash Screen

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  1. Splash Screen

  2. Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: • describe the causes of the French Wars of Religion and explain how they were resolved. • explain the militant Catholicism of Philip II and its effects on Europe. • list the causes and results of the Thirty Years’ War. • discuss the significance of the English Revolution and the Glorious Revolution. Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Intro 5

  3. Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: • explain absolutism in relation to Louis XIV, Ivan the Terrible, and Peter the Great. • distinguish between an absolute monarchy and a constitutional monarchy. • explain the significant movements in art, literature, and philosophy during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Intro 6

  4. Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion Preview Questions • What were the causes and results of France’s wars of religion? • How do the policies of Elizabeth I of England and Philip II of Spain compare? Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-3

  5. During the reign of her half sister Mary, Elizabeth I was arrested and sent to the Tower of London on suspicion of contributing to a plot to overthrow the government and restore Protestantism. -Two months of interrogation and spying revealed no conclusive evidence of treason. -Therefore, Elizabeth was released from the tower and placed in close custody for a year. Section 1-6

  6. Absolutism was the political belief that one ruler should hold all of the power in a country -referred to as an absolute monarch -goal was to control every aspect of society -believed in divine right = (a) idea that God created the monarchy & (b) the monarch acted as God’s representative on earth

  7. Causes: • Religious & territorial conflicts created fear & uncertainity • Growth of armies • Heavy taxes = to unrest = bigger armies

  8. Effects: • Rulers regulated religious worship & social gatherings to control the spread of ideas • Rulers increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful • Rulers created elaborate bureaucracies to run the nation’s economy

  9. The French Wars of Religion • Calvinism and Catholicism had become militant (combative) religions by 1560. • Their struggle for converts and against each other was the main cause of Europe’s 16th century religious wars. (pages 211–212) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-7

  10. The French Wars of Religion (cont.) • The French civil wars known as the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) were shattering. • The Huguenots were French Protestants influenced by John Calvin. • Huguenots made up almost 50% of the nobility -including the house of Bourbon, which was next in line for the Valois dynasty. (pages 211–212) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-8

  11. The French Wars of Religion (cont.) • The existing Valois monarchy was strongly Catholic. • A group in France called the ultra-Catholics also strongly opposed the Huguenots. • Civil war raged for 30 years until in 1589 - Henry of Navarre, leader of the Huguenots, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. (pages 211–212) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-9

  12. He later converted to Catholicism = he realized he would not have the support of French Catholics. • He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598. • It recognized Catholicism as France’s official religion, • but gave the Huguenots the right to worship • & to have all political privileges, such as holding office. (pages 211–212) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-11

  13. The Edict of Nantes is sometimes called the Edict of Tolerance. Explain why this is appropriate. The edict recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but it also gave the Huguenots–the name for French protestants–the right to worship and to enjoy all political privileges. (pages 211–212) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answer. Section 1-12

  14. Phillip II and Militant Catholicism • King Philip II of Spain was the greatest supporter of militant Catholicism. • He ruled from 1556 to 1598, and his reign began a period of cultural and political greatness in Spain. (pages 212–213) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-13

  15. Phillip II and Militant Catholicism (cont.) • Philip II wanted to consolidate control over his lands–Spain, the Netherlands, and possessions in Italy and the Americas. -He did this by insisting on strict adherence to Catholicism and support for the monarchy. -Spain saw itself as the nation God chose to save Catholic Christianity from the Protestant heretics. -Philip II became a champion of Catholicism (pages 212–213) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-14

  16. Not everyone liked Philip’s rule • The nobles in Spanish Netherlands–modern Netherlands and Belgium–was very rich -they did not like him taking so much power -When Calvinists began to destroy church statues, Philip sent ten thousand troops to stop the rebellion. (pages 212–213) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-16

  17. In the north, the Dutch prince William the Silent offered growing resistance to Philip. -In 1609, a 12-year truce stopped the wars. -The north became the United Provinces of the Netherlands -which was one of Europe’s great powers and the core of the modern Dutch state. (pages 212–213) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-17

  18. Power shifts to England • Spain was the world’s most populous empire when Philip’s reign ended in 1598. -but due to Philip’s war spending, the country was broke -His successor continued to overspend, now on court life. -Further, Spain’s armed forces were out-of-date and the government was inefficient. -Real power shifted to England. (pages 212–213) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-18

  19. The England of Elizabeth Elizabeth Tudor ascended to the throne of England in 1558. -Elizabeth quickly tried to resolve the religious conflicts. -She repealed laws favoring Catholics. -A new Act of Supremacy named her as “the only supreme governor” of church and state. -The Church of England practiced a moderate Protestantism. (pages 213–214) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-21

  20. Elizabeth also was moderate in foreign affairs. She tried to keep France and Spain from becoming too powerful by supporting first one and then the other, balancing their power. -Even so, she could not escape a conflict with Spain. -Philip II even thought about invading England to return it to Catholicism. (pages 213–214) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-22

  21. In 1588, Spain sent an armada to invade England. • Yet the fleet that sailed had neither the manpower nor the ships to be victorious. . (pages 213–214) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-23

  22. Checking for Understanding Listthe ways Elizabeth demonstrated moderation in her religious policy. Elizabeth demonstrated moderation in her religious policy by repealing laws favoring Catholics and by practicing moderate Protestantism. Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answer. Section 1-27

  23. Critical Thinking Making GeneralizationsWhy did Philip II send out his fleet knowing he did not have enough ships or manpower? Philip II sent his fleet because he believed in the cause and had faith in a miracle. Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answer. Section 1-28

  24. After the restoration of King Charles II, Oliver Cromwell’s embalmed remains were dug out of his Westminster Abbey tomb and hung up at Tyburn, where criminals were executed. His body was then buried beneath the gallows. Cromwell’s head, however, was stuck on a pole on top of Westminster Hall for the duration of Charles II’s reign. Section 2-6

  25. Economic and Social Crises • From 1560 to 1650, Europe experienced economic and social crises. • One economic problem was inflation due to the large supply of gold from the Americas and increased demand for land and food as the population grew. (pages 216–217) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-7

  26. By 1600, an economic slowdown had hit Europe. • For example, Spain’s economy seriously fell by the 1640s because mines in the Americas were producing less silver, pirates grabbed much of what was bound for Spain, and the number of Muslim and Jewish merchants and artisans had declined. (pages 216–217) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-8

  27. By 1620, population began to decline, especially in central and southern Europe. • Warfare, plague, and famine all contributed to the population decline and general social tension. (pages 216–217) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-9

  28. Economic and Social Crises (cont.) Why might an influx of currency raise prices (called inflation)? The more money people have to spend, the more competition there is among buyers for products, so sellers are able to raise prices and still sell successfully. (pages 216–217) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answer. Section 2-10

  29. The Witchcraft Trials • A belief in witchcraft, or magic, had been part of traditional village life for centuries. • A series of trials called the Inquisition was focused on witchcraft, and many people in Europe were seized by a hysteria about the matter. (page 217) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-11

  30. Perhaps more than 100,000 people were charged with witchcraft. -Most often common people were accused. -More than 75% of the accused were women, mostly single, widowed, or over 50. -Accused witches were tortured and usually confessed to such things as swearing allegiance to the devil, casting spells, and attending revels at night called sabbats. -eventually attitudes changed and people no longer hunted witches by 1650 (page 217) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-12

  31. The Witchcraft Trials (cont.) What role, if any, did gender play in the witch trials of Europe of this time period? (page 217) Section 2-14

  32. The Thirty Years’ War • Religious disputes continued in Germany after the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 principally because the peace settlement did not recognize Calvinism, which spread throughout Europe. -Peace of Augsburg – allowed each German state to decide it’s own religion -mainly decide between Protestant or Catholic (pages 217–218) Section 2-15

  33. Religion, politics, and territory all played a role in the Thirty Years’ War, called the “last of the religious wars.” • The Thirty Years’ War was Europe’s most destructive ever. • The war began in the Holy Roman Empire in 1618 as a fight between the Hapsburg Holy Roman emperors and Protestant nobles in Bohemia who rebelled against the Hapsburgs. -All major European countries but England became involved. -It ended all religious wars**** (pages 217–218) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-16

  34. The battles took place on German soil, and Germany was plundered and destroyed for 30 years. -The Peace of Westphalia ended the war in 1648. (1) it weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain (2) It strengthened France (3) German princes independent of the Roman Empire (4) It ended all religious wars**** . (pages 217–218) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-18

  35. The Thirty Years’ War was Europe’s most destructive ever. -The flintlock musket (with a bayonet) was a new, accurate weapon that could be reloaded faster than earlier firearms. -this allowed greater troop movement on the battlefield. • Governments began to support standing armies. -By 1700, France had a standing army of 400,000. (pages 217–218) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-20

  36. Revolutions in England • The 17th century saw England’s civil war, the English Revolution. • In essence, it was a struggle between Parliament and the king to determine the power of each in governing England. (pages 219–221) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-22

  37. The Tudor dynasty ended with Elizabeth’s death in 1603. • The Stuart king of Scotland, James I, ascended to the throne. -He believed in the divine right of kings–that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God. -Parliament wanted an equal role in ruling, however. (pages 219–221) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-23

  38. Religion was an issue as well. -Puritans (one group of English Calvinists) disagreed with the king’s defense of the Church of England, -wanted it to be more Protestant. -purify the church of any & all Catholic practices -Many Puritans served in the House of Commons, the lower house of Parliament, which gave them power. (pages 219–221) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-24

  39. Conflict came to a head under the reign of James I’s son, Charles I, who also believed in the divine right of kings. -Charles I tried to add ritual to the Protestant service, which to the Puritans seemed a return to Catholicism. -Thousands of Puritans went to America rather than adhere to Charles I’s religious policies. (pages 219–221) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-25

  40. Civil war broke out in 1642 between supporters of the king (Cavaliers or Royalists) and those of Parliament (Roundheads). -Parliament won, due to the military genius, Oliver Cromwell. -His army was made up chiefly of extreme Puritans known as the Independents. -They believed they were doing battle for God. (pages 219–221) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-27

  41. Cromwell purged Parliament of anyone who had not supported him, -the remainder of Parliament executed Charles I in 1649. -The execution of the king horrified much of Europe. -Parliament abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords, -also declared England republic, or commonwealth. (pages 219–221) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-28

  42. Cromwell soon dismissed Parliament and set up a military dictatorship. -He ruled until his death in 1658. -Parliament then restored the monarchy, and Charles II took the throne. -Under the restored Stuart monarchy, Parliament kept much of the power it had gained. -It restored the Church of England as the state religion and restricted some rights of Catholics and Puritans. (pages 219–221) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-29

  43. In 1685, James II became king. -He was a devout Catholic. -James named Catholics to high positions in the government, armed forces, and universities. -Conflict over religion again stirred. (pages 219–221) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-30

  44. Parliament did not want James II’s Catholic son to assume the throne. • A group of English noblemen invited the Dutch leader, William of Orange, husband of James’s daughter Mary, to invade England. • William and Mary raised an army and marched to England. • James and his family fled, so with almost no violence, England underwent its “Glorious Revolution.” • The issue was who would be monarch. (pages 219–221) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-31

  45. William and Mary accepted the throne in 1689 -The English Bill of Rights -which set forth Parliament’s right to make laws and levy taxes. -standing armies could be raised only with Parliament’s consent. -gave citizens the right to bear arms -to have a jury trial -created a government based on the rule of law and a freely elected Parliament. -set the groundwork for a limited, constitutional monarch (pages 219–221) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-32

  46. Chapter Transparency

  47. The Toleration Act of 1689 gave Puritans, not Catholics, the right of free public worship. -Few English citizens were persecuted for religion ever again, however. -By deposing one king and establishing another, Parliament had destroyed the divine right theory of kingship. (pages 219–221) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-34

  48. Revolutions in England (cont.) Why would the execution of a king be so horrifying in 1649? Possible answer: Many people believed that there was a connection between the king and God, so the execution must have seemed blasphemous. To other rulers, it seemed an invitation to anarchy. (pages 219–221) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answer. Section 2-35

  49. Checking for Understanding Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 1. a republic __ 2. a rapid increase in prices __ 3. the practice of magic by people supposedly in league with the devil __ 4. the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God A. inflation B. witchcraft C. divine right of kings D. commonwealth D A B C Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers. Section 2-36

  50. Critical Thinking Drawing ConclusionsWhich nation emerged stronger after the Thirty Years’ War? Did thirty years of fighting accomplish any of the original motives for waging the war? France emerged stronger after the Thirty Years’ War. After thirty years of fighting, the Protestants made some gains, but Germany did not fare well. Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answer. Section 2-39

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