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Criticism of Catholic Church: Contested papal elections Relations of popes to church councils

Criticism of Catholic Church: Contested papal elections Relations of popes to church councils Objections to church doctrines. John Wyclif (c. 1330-84). No need to obey sinful pope Importance of scripture over church teaching Rejecting transubstantiation

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Criticism of Catholic Church: Contested papal elections Relations of popes to church councils

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  1. Criticism of Catholic Church: Contested papal elections Relations of popes to church councils Objections to church doctrines

  2. John Wyclif(c. 1330-84) No need to obey sinful pope Importance of scripture over church teaching Rejecting transubstantiation 1414 Suppression of Wyclif’sfollowers (Lollards)

  3. Jan Hus (c. 1369-1415) In Bohemia. Mostly following Wyclif, but… Lay folk should receive bread and wine at Mass Placed great importance on Eucharist (sacrament of Lord’s Supper)

  4. Jan Hus (c. 1369-1415) July 6th 1415 Hus burned for heresy at Council ofConstance c. 1436 End of Hussiterebellion in Bohemia

  5. Criticism of Catholic Church: Behaviour of Church and clergy, incl. Selling of indulgences Pardoners (incl. plenary indulgences) Simony and Pluralism Other moral failings

  6. Martin Luther (1483-1546) 1505 Swears to become monk 1507 Ordained priest

  7. 31st October 1517 Ninety-Five Theses or Disputations on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences Frederick III (the Wise) of Saxony (r. 1486-1525) 1520 Luther excommunicated

  8. Luther’s Ideas: • 1. Salvation through faith rather than • good works (justification by faith) • 2. Rejecting need for clergy or clerical • celibacy • Katharina von Bora (1499-1552) • 3. Rejecting transubstantiation: body and • blood present “in, with and under the • elements”

  9. Luther’s Ideas: 4. Rejecting sacraments of confirmation, marriage, ordination, last rites and (eventually) confession, only keeping baptism and communion 5. Bible as necessary source of doctrine. Produced German translation (1534)

  10. Manifestations of the Reformation: Importance of location: Holy Roman Empire Popular changes to church ritual Anti-clericalism Whole states or cities becoming Protestant, such as…

  11. …Nuremberg (March 1525), under influence of humanists incl. Albrecht Dürer Breaking with pope and Bishop of Bamberg Spreading elsewhere incl. Bohemia, Scandinavia(Lutheranism as official religion of Sweden,1527)

  12. Formation of Protestant Leagues in Holy RomanEmpire August 1526 Ottomans defeat King of Hungary at Mohács 1529 Emperor Charles V decides to move againstProtestants

  13. 1531 Group of states in Holy Roman Empire form Schmalkaldic League 1547 Charles V routs SchmalkaldicLeague, reconverts about 30 cities to Catholicism 1555 Peace of Augsburg: Cuiusregio, eius religio(Whose realm, his religion)

  14. 1524-26 German Peasants’ War

  15. Impact of Luther’s reforms: On the church On the rulers and nobility On the lower classes

  16. On the Freedom of a Christian (1520)

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