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Concurrent mobile (cellular) phone use and driving performance:

D.E. Haigney a,b,* , R.G. Taylor c , S.J. Westerman c Transportation Research Part F 3 (2000) 113±121. Concurrent mobile (cellular) phone use and driving performance: task demand characteristics and compensatory processes. 學生 . 莊靖玟. Purpose.

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Concurrent mobile (cellular) phone use and driving performance:

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  1. D.E. Haigney a,b,*, R.G. Taylor c, S.J. Westerman cTransportation Research Part F 3 (2000) 113±121 Concurrent mobile (cellular) phone use and driving performance: task demand characteristics and compensatory processes 學生.莊靖玟

  2. Purpose • This paper reports one such simulator study in which driving performance with and without concurrent mobile phone use was compared. Company Logo

  3. Reference • This is consistent with the finding that, in this circumstance, both heart rate and self-report workload increase. (Fairclough, Ashby, Ross, & Parkes, 1991) Company Logo

  4. Reference • The combined level of demand associated with the mobile phone task and the driving task was not sufficient to overload the system. (Briem,1995 & Hedman,1995) Company Logo

  5. Reference • Several studies have found that drivers reduce speed when using a mobile phone. (Alm & Nilsson, 1990; Brookhuis, De Vries, & De Waard, 1991; Fairclough et al.,1991). Company Logo

  6. Reference • A strong version of this hypothesis might refer to a process of risk homeostasis. (see Wilde, 1982, 1988; although also see Adams, 1988, for counter-arguments) • Differences in driver workload have been noted between transmission types. (Zeier, 1979) Company Logo

  7. Reference • Very often studies of mobile phone use and driving performance have failed to consider task demand characteristics. (Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, 1997a) Company Logo

  8. Method • Thirty participants (13 male, 17 female) • Mean age : 26.93 years. • Each had held a UK manual transmission driving license for private and light goods vehicles (PLG) for at least one year. Company Logo

  9. Method • 63% of the sample had previous experience of using a mobile phone. • 13% of the sample had experience of using a hands-free phone. • 20% of the sample used a mobile phone while driving with a frequency of once per week or greater. Company Logo

  10. Method • Aston Driving Simulator (ADS). • A 21in. Monitor. • A Nokia 1611 GSM. • A Pulse Coach-3. Company Logo

  11. Method • Dependent measures: ＊ mean speed, ＊standard deviation of accelerator pedal travel, ＊brake pedal travel, ＊number of gear changes were logged every 0.5 s. ＊number of overtakes, ＊number of off-road excursions (OFFS), ＊number of collisions Company Logo

  12. Method • The task used to simulate a mobile phone conversation was developed from the `grammatical reasoning test' detailed by Baddeley (1968) . • The task used previously to replicate the demands of a conversation held over a mobile phone whilst driving (Brown et al., 1969). Company Logo

  13. Method • Participants were presented with five stimulus letters, followed by a statement regarding the relative ordering of two pseudo-randomly selected letters. • Participants were required to indicate whether this statement was true or false. Company Logo

  14. Method • Participants initially completed a short questionnaire. • Participants' resting heart rate was assessed. This was used as a baseline. • A 150 s practice period then followed in which participants were allowed to familiarise themselves with the simulator. Company Logo

  15. Method • Participants then completed four simulated drives: ＊manual transmission setup × 2 ＊automatic transmission setup × 2 • Each simulated drive comprised three 150 s periods: ＊pre-call ＊during call ＊post-call • Phone type: ＊hand-held mobile phone ＊hands-free mobile phone Company Logo

  16. Results Company Logo

  17. Results Company Logo

  18. Results • 2 (manual vs automatic transmission) ×2 (PHONE). • This only applied to the `during‘ phone call time period. • There were no significant main or interactive effects. Company Logo

  19. Discussion • The results of this study also supported the hypothesis that drivers engage in compensatory behaviour and attempt to reduce workload when using a mobile phone to enable perceived required safety margins to be achieved. • Consistent with the findings of previous studies (Alm & Nilsson, 1990; Brookhuis et al., 1991; Fairclough et al., 1991). Company Logo

  20. Conclusions • The results of the reported study suggest that using a mobile phone while driving may have implications for safety margins that will not be immediately apparent. • It can be predicted that this will render drivers less able to cope with emergency situations or other abrupt increases in driving task demands. • Negative effects were particularly apparent when participants were using a hand-held phone unit. • It is recommended that drivers do not engage in concurrent phone use. Company Logo

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