Download
1 / 136
1.36k likes | 1.54k Views
Period 5. Essential Terms Projects. AP Language and Composition Essential Terms. I. Mode of Rhetoric:. Expository- writing with the purpose to inform, explain, describe or define the authors subject to the reader.
E N D
Period 5 Essential Terms Projects
I. Mode of Rhetoric: • Expository- writing with the purpose to inform, explain, describe or define the authors subject to the reader. 1. Classification- searching for common characteristics among various items and grouping them accordingly. 2. Cause and Effect- process that describes how and analyzes why something happens.
Expository cont. 3. Comparison/Contrast-pattern of development that focuses on similarities and differences. 4. Definition- explanation of a words meaning; pattern of development to explain something or someone. 5. Analysis- pattern of development where the author separates a piece of work.
B. Description • Pattern of development that presents a word picture of a thing, person, situation, or events. It relies on the five senses- sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell.
C. Narration • Pattern of development that tells a story.
D. Persuasion/Argument • A method a writer uses to move an audience to adopt a belief or follow a course of action. To persuade an audience, a writer relies on various appeals- to the emotions, to reason, or to ethics. • Persuasion is different from argumentation, which appeals primarily to reason. • Argumentation examples- “Declaration of Independence”
II. Genres • Allegory- A narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Written in fables, parables, poems, stories and genres. • Allegory's often have a strong moral or lessen. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. • Example- “Young Goodman Brown”
B. Autobiography • A biography of a person written by that person. • Example- “Into My Own” by Roger Kahn
C. Biography • An account of a person’s life written, composed or produced by another. • Example- “A Beautiful Mind” by Sylvia Nasar
D. Chronicle • Factual written account of important or historical events in order of occurrence. • Example- “Into My Own” by Roger Kahn
E. Diary • A book in which daily events and experiences are recorded. • Example- “Diary of Anne Frank”
F. Essay • A short work of nonfiction writing on a single topic that usually expresses the author’s impressions or opinions. • Example of a typical essay prompt- According to some people, elderly drivers should be required to reapply for their driving licenses because with age comes diminished vision, hearing, and reaction time. How do you feel about this issue? Explain what you think should be done and why.
G. Fiction/Non-Fiction • Fiction; writing about imaginary events and people • Example- “The Hunger Games” • Non-Fiction; prose writing based on facts such as biography. • Example- “The Yoga Directory”
H. Parody • Imitation of style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect.
I. Prose • Written or spoken language in its ordinary form, with out metrical structure. • Example- Everything that is not poetry.
J. Satire • The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. • Example- “Flatland” by Edwin Abbott Abbott
K. Sermon • A religious discourse, as a part of a church service. • Example- “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” by Jonathon Edwards
L. Stream of Consciousness • Style of writing in which the thought and feeling of writer are recording as they occur • Example- Continuous writing.
Analogy • Definition: Similarity in some respect between things that are otherwise dissimilar. • “Awesome is to me as lame is to you.”
Apostrophe • Definition: a direct address to an absent or dead person, idea, or quality. • “Twinkle, twinkle, little star,How I wonder what you are.Up above the world so high,Like a diamond in the sky."
Conceit • Definition: An elaborate parallel between two seemingly dissimilar objects or ideas • “Conceit that the entire universe has rolled itself up into the person of the beloved.”
Cliché • Definition: An expression that has been used so frequently that it has lost its expressed power. • “As old as the hills,” “Fit as a fiddle”
Epithet • Definition: An adjective or phrase that describes a prominent feature of a thing • “You two-faced, two-timing satchel-butted lazy lying twerp.”
Euphemism • Definition: The use of decorous language to express vulgar or unpleasant events or actions. • “Passed away” instead of died • “Correctional facility” instead of jail • “Comfort woman” instead of prostitute
Hyperbole • Definition: An excessive overstatement of conscious exaggeration of fact. • “I’m a billion percent done with you people.”
Imagery • Definition: The formation of mental images, figures, or likeness of things, or of such images collectively. • "Languidly, and with no thought of going in, I watched him, his hard little body, skinny and bare, saw him wince slightly as he pulled up around his vitals the small, soggy, icy garment. As he buckled the swollen belt, suddenly my groin felt the chill of death.”
Irony • Definition: Use of words to convey a meaning opposite of its literal meaning.
Verbal Irony • Definition: When a person says one things but means another. • “Romeo and Juliet is the greatest play I’ve ever had the pleasure of being forced to read for class.”
Dramatic Irony • Definition: Inherent in speeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play. • “In Dracula, the reader knows that Dracula is a vampire the whole time, but Johnathan Harker doesn’t pick up on it until later.”
Metaphor • Definition: A figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is utterly not applicable in order to suggest a resemblance. • “An emotional roller coaster”
Metonymy • Definition: Substitution of one term or another that’s generally associated with it • “Suits” in place of businessmen
Oxymoron • Definition: Association of two contrary terms. • “Military intelligence” • “Serious fun” • “Reasonable attorney fees”
Paradox • Definition: Statement that seems absurd or even contradictory on its face, but expresses a deeper truth. • “All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.”
Personification • Definition: Use of human characteristics to describe an animal or thing. • “I watch the wind bow down the grass.”
Pun • Definition: The humorous use of a word or phrase so as to emphasize or suggest its different meanings or applications, or the use of words that are nearly alike in sound but different in meaning; a play on words.
Simile • Definition: A figure of speech in which two unlike things are put into likeness by the use of the words “like” or “as”. • “Now I’m feeling so fly, like a G6.” • “Do you ever feel like a plastic bag?”
Synecdoche • Definition: A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole or the whole for a part, the special for the general or the general for the special. • “Referring to every soda ever as ‘coke’ instead of by their brand name.”
Understatement • Definition: The act or an instance of understating, or representing in a weak, over restrained way that is not borne by the facts. It’s very obviously more than a scratch, because he hasn’t got his left arm anymore.
Alliteration: • Definition: The commencement of two or more stressed syllables of a word group either with the same consonant sound or sound group.
Onomatopoeia • Definition: The formation of a word by imitation of a sound made or associated with its referent.
Assonance • Definition: Rhyme in which the same vowel sounds are used with different consonants in the stressed syllables of the rhyming words • “Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear, Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair. Fuzzy Wuzzy wasn’t very fuzzy, was he?”
Diction By: Vanessa Alvarez, Taylor Davis, Benjamin Jackson, Elysia Neris
Connotation and Denotation • Connotation is the underlying emotional meaning of a word or phrase. • Connotation can be positive or negative. • Denotation is the exact dictionary definition of a word. • For example: Slim and scrawny are two words with similar denotation (thin), however, one would much rather be considered slim than scrawny.
Pedantic • Pedantic- characterized by a narrow, often ostentatious concern for book learning and formal rules. • In other words- stressing minor details • English teachers are often pedantic when grading papers.
Simple • Simple- Characterized by basic sentence structures with the purpose of conveying a simplistic voice for a lower-level audience. • Examples of simple diction: I don’t like cats. Cats make me cry. • Vs: Despite the fact that felines are lazy, foul-smelling balls of fur, cat-lovers possess an inhuman strength to look past these qualities and accept these aloof creatures.
Monosyllabic v. Polysyllabic • Monosyllabic- Diction characterized by words with only one syllable • Examples- Cat, mouse • Polysyllabic- Diction characterized by words with multiple syllables • Examples- Feline, kitten, courteous, melancholy
Euphonious v. Cacophonic • Euphonious- pleasant in sound, or agreeable to the ear. • Example: Poetry, writing with meter and rhyme • Cacophonic- Having an unpleasant sound • Example: Some foreign languages; hard consonants
Figurative vs. Literal • Figurative- language that transcends literal meaning. Uses figures of speech to heighten and color the meaning. • Literal- Language that means exactly what it appears to mean. • Figurative: We’re going to kill them in this game! (Chances are, nobody is actually dying, it’s just a game.) • Literal: The cat killed the mouse. (The mouse is dead. Cats don’t play games.)
