Science Lab Safety & Hazardous Waste Training

1. Science Lab Safety & Hazardous Waste Training Dawn Lee, Chemical Hygiene Coordinator for the Sciencesx 5873dlee@brockport.eduwww.brockport.edu/chemsafe

2. Lab Personnel Training Topics • The Lab Standard Basics (OSHA, PESH) • Chemical & Physical Hazards • What they are • Where to find info • How to protect lab workers • Emergency Procedures • Fires • Exposures/Injuries • Spills • Hazardous Waste Basics (EPA, DEC, MCWA)

3. Related Topics NOT covered here: • Bloodborne Pathogens (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030) **Assume the worst – use Universal Precautions** • Laser Safety • Radiation Safety • Biohazard Safety

4. “The Laboratory Standard” • Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories(29 CFR 1910.1450) • Hazardous Chemical – any evidence that acute or chronic effects occur due to exposure • Laboratory – • small quantities of hazardous chemicals • containers that are easily manipulated by one person • protective practices and equipment are in common use

5. Lab Standard Cont’d • Permissible Exposure Limits [1910.1450(c)] • Tables Z-1 & Z-2 & Z-3 (mineral dusts) • Employee Exposure Determination [1910.1450(d)] • Initial, periodic & termination of monitoring • Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) [1910.1450(e)] • Written plan designed to protect laboratory employees • Some mandatory elements • Suggested specifics in Appendix A

6. Lab Standard Cont’d • Employee Information & Training [1910.1450(f)] • Initial and refresher • The Standard • The CHP • PELs & other exposure limits (TLVs) • Exposure Symptoms • MSDS & other reference materials • Monitoring devices – mechanical & observational • Physical & health hazards • Measures for protection (practices, PPE, emergency procedures)

7. Lab Standard Cont’d • Medical Consultation & Examination [1910.1450(g)] • If symptoms develop due to exposure • If exposure levels are regularly above limits • If a spill, leak, explosion, etc. occurs • Details on results of such consultations/examinations • Hazard Identification [1910.1450(h)] • Mfg. labels should not be removed or defaced (until bottle is empty) • MSDS maintenance • Substances created in the lab • Determine hazards and provide appropriate training/info • If composition is unknown – assume hazardous & defer to CHP • If produced for others – defer to Hazard Communication Standard (labeling, MSDS generation)

8. Lab Standard Cont’d • Respirators [1910.1450(i)] • Recordkeeping [1910.1450(j)] • Appendices • Recommendations Concerning Chemical Hygiene in Laboratories • References

9. The Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) • Written plan to protect lab employees • Must be readily available(http://www.brockport.edu/ehs/intrnl.html) • CH Responsibilities • Individual Labs - adopt this plan or write your own – requires approval by EHS • Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO) –Dave Turkow • Chemical Hygiene Coordinator for the Sciences (CHC) – consultant and liaison b/t science & EHS – Dawn Lee • Review annually

10. CHP -SOPs for use of hazardous chemicals • Describes hazards & safeguards for handling • General Guidelines • Prudent Practices (http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309052297) • Safety in Academic Laboratories Volumes 1 & 2 (ACS) (http://membership.acs.org/c/ccs/publications.htm) • Research Labs – PI responsibility • Teaching Labs - lab manuals, syllabus • CHC will develop generic SOPs and assist in generation of specific SOPs as needed

11. CHP - Control Measures to Reduce Exposures • Engineering controls • Ventilation/Fume hoods • Proper storage facilities • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • Individual responsibility – EHS assistance • Any potential for chemical splash requires indirectly vented chemical splash goggle • Good Laboratory Hygiene/General Practices • Cite Prudent Practices & ACS publications • Specific Laboratory Practices • Chemistry Laboratory Safety Regulations or adopt own • Develop SOPs for “particularly hazardous chemicals” – EHS assistance • Other Services Provided • Exposure monitoring, eyewash/shower stations, emergency procedures

12. CHP cont’d • Fume Hoods & Other Protective Equipment • Hoods certified & inspected annually (Bio cabinets not included) • Eyewashes/showers activated monthly • Fire extinguisher inspections • Spill response equipment • Information & Training • Every 2 year minimum • Individual lab maintains access to MSDSs • EHS assistance & consultation

13. CHP cont’d • Prior Approval for High Hazard Work • Individual responsibility to identify • Departmental approval/SOP • EHS/CHC provides consultation • Medical Consultations (per the Standard) • Provisions for Protection for Work with Particularly Hazardous Substances • May require prior review • Designated areas • Containment devices (fume hoods, glove boxes) • Safe removal of contaminated waste • Decontamination procedures

14. What are the chemical hazards? • Flammability • Toxicity • Reactivity

15. Flammability • Solid, liquid or gas • Hydrocarbons (especially with 9Cs or less) • Many alcohols, ketones and ethers • Some inorganic metals (K & Na) • Metal dusts • Volatility – rate at which a material evaporates • Lower boiling point  higher volatility  more flammable • Flash Point - lowest temperature at which a liquid has a vapor pressure that forms an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid • Lower Flash Point  Greater Hazard • Flashback –vapors extend away from the source and find ignition • Higher Volatility/Lower Flash Point  more risk of flashback • Flashback Example

16. Fire Prevention • Proper storage of flammable chemicals • Tight caps • Flammable cabinets and refrigerators • Away from ignition/heat sources • Proper electrical grounding of equipment • Bonding & grounding when transferring chemicals • Alternate heating methods (water baths) • Procedures – T & P, mixing, formation of aerosols

17. “RACE” Fire Plan rescue/ remove – persons from the immediate area of fire/smoke alert/alarm– activate nearest fire alarm system, call UP at x2222 confine/close– confine fire/smoke by closing all doors extinguish/evacuate– extinguish fire if safe to do so by using the appropriate extinguisher/evacuation plan! http://www.brockport.edu/ehs/Evacuation%20Procedures.html RACE

18. P A S S Fighting the Fire Pull the pin Aim low at the base of flames Squeeze the handle Fire Extinguisher Demo Sweep side to side

19. Reactivity Oxidizers – able to donate or promote oxygen (chromates, nitrates, permanganates, perchlorates, peroxides, etc.) Water Reactive – reaction with water releases toxic gases, heat, O2 or H2 (CN-1 and S-2 salts, IA & IIA metals (Li, Na, K, Ca), organometallics, diluting acids/bases - always add acid/base to H2O, etc.) Pyrophore - ignites with air contact (finely powdered Zn, Mg, P, C, organometallics, etc.) Explosive – goes boom (C=C, C-N, nitro groups, azides, metal-N bonds, epoxides, etc.) • Dryness sensitivity (picric acid, nitrogen triiodide, organic peroxides) Unstable liquid - will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or become self-reactive under conditions of shocks, pressure, or temperature (styrene, vinyl chloride, etc.)

20. Reactive Issue Prevention Segregate Incompatible Chemicals • Charts (Prudent Practices, Flinn, RCRA) • Golden Rules – segregate • Oxidizers from everything! (inc. HOAc & HNO3) • acids and bases • acids and metals • corrosives and organics • flammables and reactives

21. Auto-oxidation – Formation of Explosive Peroxides • Most common: Diethyl ether MIBK Furan Alkenes Isopropanol THF General Info on Peroxide formationhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/peroxide.html • Stabilizers/inhibitors often added (free radical scavengers) • Date upon receipt and when opened • Test for peroxide formation every 3-6 months – test strips available. • Adhere to Expiration Dates • Concentrating procedures such as evaporation or distillation. • Sources of Friction…unscrewing a lid, popping out a glass stopper, grinding solids with glass rods or spatulas

22. Toxicity • Toxic Chemical: a chemical that will cause damage when it is in contact with a susceptible cite • “The dose makes the poison.” (dose x exposure time) • Acute vs. Chronic, Local vs. Systemic • Toxic vs. Highly Toxic (50 mg/kg) LD50 (lethal dose) - the dose of chemical that when injected, ingested or applied to skin of test animal, 50% of those animals die LC50 (lethal concentration) - the concentration of a chemical in the air that will kill 50% of test animals Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) - the concentration limit of a chemical in air in which most workers (interpreted as avg. 150 lb, healthy males) can be exposed during a normal work week without adverse effects (OSHA) Threshold limit value (TLV) -analogous to PEL - ACGIH assigns – recommendation, not regulatory – more current

23. Irritants (lots of inorganic & organic compounds) • Generally reversible effects • itching, mild burning, swelling, coughing, slight headache • Examples: NaCl, acetone • Corrosives (strong acids, bases, oxidizers) • Sometimes reversible, sometimes irreversible tissue damage • itching, burning, tissue decay, ulcers, swelling, coughing, headache • Examples: HCl, H2SO4, HF, NaOH, NH4OH, Br2, Cl2

24. Allergens/sensitizers • First exposure may show little or no symptoms • Changes to tearing, swelling, and other irritations, but can lead to death • Examples: latex, formaldehyde, acrylates • Asphyxiants • Displaces O2 from lungs or blood cells • Dizziness, loss of consciousness, coughing/wheezing • Examples: CO2, Ar, He, N2, CO, HCN • Carcinogens • Generally due to chronic exposure • NTP, IARC, OSHA lists • Examples: benzene, Cr(VI), Cd, As, dichloromethane, chloroform • Reproductive/Developmental/Specific organ or system toxins • Directly affects specific bodily functions (reproductive, kidney/liver, CNS, blood cells) • Examples: Pb, Hg, toluene, aspirin

25. Chemical Hazard Risk Assessment • Risk assessment is YOUR responsibility • CHC available to assist • Assess chemical hazards using references • MSDS & Labels • Chemsafe website • Bretherick’s, Merck, RTECS, etc. • Assess procedures - hazards of chemicals may change due to procedure (heating, pressure, mixing, aerosol formation, etc.)

26. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) MUST BE READILY AVAILABLE • Chemicals that are being reordered • Should be shipped with or before the chemical • If you fail to receive the MSDS for a new chemical, contact CHC • Always review before using a new chemical! • Concerns? Call CHC! • Find them online • http://www.brockport.edu/chemsafe/chemuse/msds.html

27. MSDS contents 1. Product Identification – supplier info, chemical name, synonyms, CAS#, formula 2. Composition - List of ingredients, % composition, CAS #’s 3. Hazards Information - Emergency overview summarizing physical & health hazards 4. First Aid Measures – first responder info for specific exposure routes 5. Fire Fighting Measures – flammability data, fire extinguishing medium, hazardous products generated due to fire, suggested firefighting PPE 6. Accidental Release Measures – usually generic, some regulatory info, what adsorbent to use, containment, PPE, evacuation procedures, etc. 7. Handling and Storage – specific storage needs and general precautions 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection - exposure limits (PEL, TLV), PPE 9. Physical/Chemical Properties - bp, mp, color, state, vapor P, solubility, etc.

28. MSDS contents cont’d 10. Stability and Reactivity - Chemical stability (could be T dependent), decomposition products, incompatibles, polymerization, conditions to avoid 11. Toxicological Information (animal) - LD50, LC50, carcinogenicity, reproductive effects, etc. 12. Ecological Information - Environmental fate should the substance be introduced to the environment (water, air, soil), more tox data for plants/animals here 13. Disposal Considerations – very generic – default to RCRA and local regulations 14. Transport Information - Shipping regulatory info 15. Regulatory Information - Summary of codes to identify the substance’s characteristics according to multiple governmental agencies 16. Other/Additional Information –NFPA codes, label information, common usage

29. Container Labels • Keep mfg. labels on where possible – they SHOULD be compliant, BUT old bottles are not grandfathered • Mfg. and 2° Labels SHOULD have: • Name of chemical (not symbols) • Hazard warnings (any combo of words/pictograms) • Specific physical/health hazards, including target organs(1994) • Responsible party contact info in English and legible • “batch” labeling can be done • Employees must have access to complete list • Other criteria fulfilled • Not necessary to label portable containers to be used “immediately” • Defacing a label is prohibited – scrape it off if reusing

31. Labeling - NFPA Diamonds • Color coded, numerical rating system • Sometimes on labels • Provide at-a-glance hazard information • Flammable/Reactive info is usually good • Health info not as good FLAMMABILTY REACTIVITY HEALTH SPECIAL INFO

32. NFPA Diamonds Cont’d • 4= Deadly Hazard • 3= Severe Hazard • 2= Moderate Hazard • 1= Slight Hazard • 0= No Hazard • W = water reactive • OX = oxidizer http://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/nfpa.html

33. Labeling – HMIS System • Designed for everyday work with chemicals • Number rating system – similar to NFPA • Includes designation for PPE • http://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/hmis.html

34. Routes of Exposure - Inhalation • Inhalation of vapors, mists, dusts, etc. • Open containers • Opening/closing microtubes • Open centrifuges • Heating • Doing dishes • Inoculating loops • Syringes • Sweeping • Local and systemic effects – depends on solubility • Use fume hoods!

35. Routes of ExposureSkin/Eyes • Contact with skin or eyes • Usually due to accidental spills • Effects largely based on tissue condition • Dry vs. moist • Cuts & abrasions • Location – thickness varies – worst in eyes, at groin, between fingers/toes • Local and systemic effects – depends on solubility • Wear chemical splash safety goggles & gloves!

36. Route of Exposure – Ingestion • Ingestion • Usually accidental - bad hygiene • Local or systemic effects – depends on solubility • NEVER eat, drink or chew gum in a lab! • NEVER put your mouth on anything in lab! (pipetting!) • NEVER store anything you intend to ingest in the same room with hazardous chemicals • DO NOT store chemicals in food containers or v/v • WASH your hands frequently and always when you leave lab • Avoid spreading contamination – remove your PPE before you leave lab

37. Routes of Exposure – Injection • Injection • Most dangerous, least likely • Broken glassware is biggest culprit • Syringes, razor blades, etc. • Biohazard vs. Chemical • Sharps Containers!

38. Signs of Exposure • External • itching/rash/swelling • change in breathing/sneezing/coughing • discoloration of skin • mucous • vomiting • Internal • pain/headache • queasy • taste • irritation to nose/throat • dizziness • Longer Term Toxic Response • organ function/size • cell/tissue alteration • biochemical changes • behavioral changes

39. Exposure Prevention • Know & understand the hazards of the chemicals and processes – if hazards unknown – assume the worst • Substitute less hazardous chemicals and techniques • Scale down experiments • Use proper PPE & engineering controls • DO NOT work alone in the laboratory – at least make others aware of your presence! • Use common sense!

40. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • Eye Protection • Gloves • Clothing

41. Eye Protection Indirectly Vented Goggles • The best option! • Mandatory if risk of chemical splash– even if it is someone else causing it! Glasses with side shields – may be appropriate when • Entering a lab with no chemicals being used directly • Instrument rooms where no or minor amounts of contained chemicals are being used • Where impact of large particles is the only issue • Doing dishes Face shields – Use when extra face and neck protection is desired • Face shield is not adequate alone – also need goggles underneath!

42. Other Eye Protection Issues • Prescription eyewear is not usually impact resistant, so it fails to meet ANSI Z-87 requirements • Must have tempered glass with side shields • Contact lenses are ok to be worn in lab, but is in no way considered protective – must wear goggles! • A fume hood sash does not count as eye protection

43. Glove Types • Disposables • Chemical Resistant • Cut Resistant • Voltage Resistant • General Purpose • Temperature Resistant

44. Use the Right Glove for the Job Glove material charts (chemsafe website) Latex – not meant for chemical resistance Vinyl – aqueous solutions, alcohols Nitrile – non-halogenated solvents Neoprene Rubber Keep in mind – time of direct exposure

45. Safe Glove Practices • Inspect gloves for pinholes • Avoid immersion or prolonged direct exposure to hazardous chemicals • Be aware of what you are touching with you contaminated gloves – keep “lab pens” • Discard or wash after use • Wash hands after use • Removal

46. Protective Clothing Full Coverage Clothing • less exposed skin, less chemical exposure • worst to have midsection & upper thigh exposed Lab Coats & Aprons – choose the material to match the job Closed Toe Shoes • Leather uppers • Glassware/physical hazards and chemical exposure Jewelry - watches and rings can trap chemicals

47. Engineering Controls:Chemical Fume Hood Air flows through the face and out the vents in back Factors that affect airflow: • Sash Height • Drafts • Bulky objects inside

48. Fume Hoods General Rules • 80-120 fpm • Work ~6” inside opening • Sash height • Avoid turbulence (movement, doors/windows) • Do not overload with chemicals/equipment • Always use with volatile chemicals • Not to be used as eye protection!

49. First Aid & Chemical Exposure Procedures “The College at Brockport Science Departments Procedures for Injured Students, Visitors, & Employees” • Standard First Aid for cuts, burns, etc. • Hazen/personal physician vs Lakeside • UP – x2222 or 395-2222 on cell phone • Also covers exposure treatment • Accident Report • On chemsafe website

50. Emergency Response Equipment Ask yourself: • Do I know where they are located? • Do I know how to use? • Do I know that they work? • Are they accessible?