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The Reluctant Empire? U.S. Foreign Relations in the 20th Century

Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Curt-Engelhorn Chair in American History Prof. Dr. Manfred Berg Winter Term 2008/2009. The Reluctant Empire? U.S. Foreign Relations in the 20th Century. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg.

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The Reluctant Empire? U.S. Foreign Relations in the 20th Century

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  1. Ruprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergCurt-Engelhorn Chair in American History Prof. Dr. Manfred BergWinter Term 2008/2009 The Reluctant Empire? U.S. Foreign Relations in the 20th Century Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg 1

  2. Economic Diplomacy and Political Isolationism, 1921-1938 • The Economic Stabilization of Europe • Disarmament and International Security • The Expansion of American Culture • Neutralism and the Rise of Fascism Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  3. Warren G. Harding, 1865-1923 • U.S. Senator, 1914-1921 • U.S. President, 1921-1923 • “Back to Normalcy” Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  4. Charles Evans Hughes, 1862-1948 • Gov. Of New York, 1907-1910 • U.S. Supreme Court Justice, 1910-1916 • U.S. Secretary of State, 1921-1925 • “We do not wish to see a prostrate Germany. There can be no economic recuperation in Europe unless Germany recuperates.” Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  5. Charles G. Dawes, 1865-1951 • U.S. Vice President, 1925-1929 • U.S. Ambassador to Britain, 1929-1931 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  6. Dawes Plan of 1924 • Fixed annual reparation payments • Transfer Agency headed by U.S. expert • Evacuation of the Ruhr • $200 million loan to jumpstart German Economy • “A Triumph of Common Sense and Justice” New York Tribune, 1924 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  7. J. P. Morgan, 1867-1943 • U.S. Banker and Financier • Played an Important Role in the Reparation Plans of the 1920s Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  8. The Financial Merry-Go-Round • American private loans go to Germany! • Germany pays reparations to the Allies! • The Allies pay their war debts to the U.S.! Problem: The Europeans needed to earn U.S. dollars to pay their debts but the U.S. raised tariffs to protect their industries. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  9. Owen D. Young, 1874-1962 • The Young Plan, 1929 • Reduction of German Reparations • Bank for International Settlements Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  10. Herbert C. Hoover, 1874-1964 • Secretary of Commerce, 1921-1928 • U.S. President, 1929-1933 • Hoover Moratorium, June 1931 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  11. Washington Naval Conference, 1921-1922 • Ten-year Moratorium on building battleships • Limit on Aircraft Carriers • Fixed Tonnage Ratio: U.S. and GB (5); Japan (3); France and Italy (1.75) • Status Quo in the Pacific • Guarantee of sovereignty, independence, and integrity of China Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  12. Frank B. Kellogg, 1856-1937 • U.S. Secretary of State, 1925-1929 • Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 renounces war “as an instrument of national policy.” Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  13. Americanism • Democracy • Individual Freedom • Consumerism • Efficiency • Pragmatism • Modernity • Science and Technology • Mobility Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  14. “Hollywoodland” 1923 Metro Studios, early1920’s Hollywood Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  15. Modern Times • Charlie Chaplin in Modern Times, 1936 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  16. Charles Lindbergh, 1902-1974 • Capt. Charles Lindbergh in front of the Spirit of St. Louis, 1927 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  17. F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1896-1940 • The Great Gatsby, 1925 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  18. The Crash, October 1929 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  19. Henry L. Stimson, 1867-1950 • U.S. Secretary of War, 1911-1913/1940-1945 • U.S. Secretary of State, 1929-1933 • Stimson Doctrine of 1932: Nonrecognition of forcible territorial changes Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  20. Adolf Hitler, 1889-1945 • German Chancellor Adolf Hitler, 1933 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  21. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 One of FDR’s famous “Fireside Chats,” 1933 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  22. Senator Gerald P. Nye, 1892-1971 • U.S. Senator 1925-1945 • Chairman of the Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, 1934-1936 • “Merchants of Death” Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

  23. Neutrality Acts, 1935-1936 • Embargo on all war materials • Prohibition to increase exports of materials essential for war • Buyers pay cash and carry at their own risk • No loans to belligerents • Americans must not travel on belligerent ships Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

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