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PART I THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

PART I THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. The locomotor system includes bones ， joints and muscles ．. Chapter 1 Osteology (Bone System) Section 1 General Description. 一、 Classification of Bones

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PART I THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

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  1. PART I THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM The locomotor system includes bones，joints and muscles．

  2. Chapter 1 Osteology (Bone System) Section 1 General Description 一、Classification of Bones According to their shape，four kinds of bones are classified．Those are long，short，flat and irregular bones． 1 Long Bones：a shaft or body and two ends or extremities. Epiphyses and epiphysial cartilage. 2 Short Bones 3 Flat Bones 4 Irregular Bones In addiction, sesamoid bone.

  3. 二、The Structure of Bones Bones consist of bony substance, periosteum and bone marrow, and are abundant in blood and nerve supply. 1Bony substance: the compact or dense bone and the cancellous or spongy bone 2 Periosteum 3 Bone Marrow : the red marrow and the yellow marrow 4 The blood and nerve of bones

  4. 三、 The Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Bones The organic component → resilience and toughness The inorganic component → hardness and rigidity

  5. 四、 The Functions of Bones

  6. Section 2 The Bones of Trunk include the vertebrae, the sternum, and the ribs.

  7. 一、The Vertebrae Number child adult Cervical vertebrae 7 7 Thoracic vertebrae 12 12 Lumbar vertebrae 5 5 Sacral vertebrae 5 1 Coccygeal vertebrae 3～4 1

  8. （一） General Features of the Vertebrae vertebral body 1. → vertebral foramen vertebral arch：pedicles and laminae seven processes, viz., four articular and two transverse processes and a spine 2.intervertebral foramen

  9. Structure of vertebrae

  10. （二） The Main Characteristics of Vertebrae in Each Region 1 The cervical vertebrae (7 in number) a. transverse foramen b. bifid spines（except the first and the seventh） The C1 known as the atlas. The C2 known as axis. The C7 known as vertebra prominens.

  11. Cervical vertebrae

  12. Atlas and Axis

  13. 2 The thoracic vertebrae (12 in number) a. costal facets (on each side of their bodies and on their transverse processes ) b. sloping caudaward spines

  14. Thoracic vertebrae (sup. view)

  15. Thoracic vertebrae (lat. View)

  16. 3 The lumbar vertebrae (5 in number) a. large body b. horizontal quadrilateral spines 4 The sacrum promontory 、sacral hiatus、 sacral cornua or horns 5 The coccyx

  17. 一、The Ribs (Costae) 1 costal bone : head, neck and body → costal groove 2 costal cartilage

  18. 二、The Sternum Manubrium sternal angle body xiphoid process

  19. Sternal angle

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