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This chapter explores the essential parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea and includes various types like compound, proper, common, concrete, abstract, and collective nouns. Pronouns replace nouns and can be personal, reflexive, intensive, demonstrative, interrogative, indefinite, or relative. Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns, providing details about kind, quantity, and distinctions. This comprehensive overview aids in grasping grammatical structures crucial for effective communication.
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Chapter 2 Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
The Noun • A noun is a word or word group that is used to name a person, place, thing, or an idea. • Person—George Washington, teacher, chef • Place—Grand Canyon, city, kitchen • Things—lamp, notebook • Ideas—happiness, liberty
Types of Nouns • Compound Nouns • Single noun made up of two or more words. Can be written as one word, hyphenated, or two or more words. • Examples: grandmother, mother-in-law, jumping jack • Proper and Common Nouns • Proper nouns name a particular person, place, thing, or ideas. • Example: English, England, Alabama • Common nouns name any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas and is generally not capitalized. • Example: language, country, state
Types of nouns cont’d • Concrete Nouns and Abstract Nouns • Concrete nouns name a person, place, or thing that can be perceived by one or more of the senses • Examples: photograph, music, rose • Abstract nouns name an idea, feeling, quality, or characteristic. • Examples: love, fun, freedom • Collective Nouns • Word that names a group • Examples: audience, class, family
The Pronoun • A pronoun is a word that is used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns. • Examples: • Ask Dan if Dan has done Dan’s homework. • Ask Dan if he has done his homework. • The word or word group that a pronoun stands for (or refers to) is called its antecedent. • For example, Dan is the antecedent for he and Dan’s is the antecedent for his.
Types of Pronouns • Personal Pronouns—refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one spoken about (third person).
Types of Pronouns cont’d • Reflexive—refers to the subject and is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. • Tara enjoyed herself at the party. • Intensive—emphasizes a noun or other pronoun and is unnecessary to the meaning of the sentence. • I myself cooked that delicious dinner. • There are 8 reflexive and intensive pronouns. • Myself, ourselves (first person), yourself, yourselves (second person), him/herself, itself, themselves (third person).
Types of Pronouns, cont’d • Demonstrative—points a person, place, thing, or idea. • This, that, these, those • Example: This is the book I bought for my sister. • Interrogative—introduces a question. • What, which, who, whom, whose • Example: What is the best brand of frozen yogurt? • Indefinite—refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that may or may not be specifically named. • All, each, many, nobody, other, several, any, either, more, none, several, any, everything, most, no one, some, both, few, much, one, something
Types of Pronouns cont’s • Relative—introduces a subordinate clause • That, which, who, whom, whose • Example: Thomas Jefferson, who wrote the Declaration of Independence, was our country’s third president.
The Adjective • An adjective is a word that is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. • Describes the noun/pronoun by telling what kind, which one, how much, or how many. • Examples: A woman, kind and helpful, gave us directions.
Types of Adjectives • Articles • A, an, the • Demonstrative—this, that, these, and those • When they modify a noun or pronoun, they are adjectives. When they are used alone, they are pronouns • This drawing is mine, and that drawing is his. (adj) • This is mine and that is his. (pronoun)
Types of Adjective cont’d • Proper Adjectives • Is formed from a proper noun • Example: Thanksgiving dinner, Alabama residents, Mexican citizens
