Peace-building

1. Peace-building 3 approaches to Peace: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking, Peace building. -Johan Galtung, 1976

2. Peacemaking: involves stopping an ongoing conflict. • Peacekeeping prevents the resumption of fighting following a conflict; it does not address the underlying causes of violence or work to create societal change, as peace-building does. • Conflict resolution does not include some components of peace-building, such as state building and socioeconomic development. Like peacekeeping • Peace-building happens before a conflict starts or once it ends.

3. Peace-building as concept • The term itself first emerged over 30 years ago (1080s) through the work of Johan Galtung,who called for the creation of peace building structures to promote sustainable peace by addressing the “root causes” of violent conflict and supporting indigenous capacities for peace management and conflict resolution. Galtung's work emphasized a bottom-up approach that decentralized social and economic structures, amounting to a call for a societal shift from structures of coercion and violence to a culture of peace. John Paul Lederach American sociologist, John proposed a different concept of peace-building as engaging grassroots, local, NGO, international and other actors to create a sustainable peace process. He does not advocate the same degree of structural change as Galtung.

4. Concept…… • Peace-building became a familiar concept within the UN following Boutros Boutros-Ghali’s 1992 report,An Agenda for Peace, which defined peace-building as action to solidify peace and avoid relapse into conflict. The concept was popularized in the international community through MrGhali's1992 report. • Peace-building has expanded to include many different dimensions, such as DDR and rebuilding governmental, economic and civil society institutions. • In 2000, the BrahimiReport defined it as “activities undertaken on the far side of conflict to reassemble the foundations of peace and provide the tools for building on those foundations something that is more than just the absence of war.”

5. Development • At the 2005 World Summit, the UN began creating a peace-building architecture based on Kofi Annan's proposals. The proposal called for three organizations: • the UN Peace-building Commission, which was founded in 2005; • the UN Peace-building Support Office, which was created in 2005. • the UN Peace-building Fund, founded in 2006; • The SG’s Policy Committee (2007), Measures taken to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities at all levels for conflict management, and to lay the foundations for sustainable peace and development. Strategies must be coherent and tailored to the specific needs of the country concerned, based on national ownership, and should comprise a carefully prioritized, sequenced, and therefore relatively narrow set of activities aimed at achieving the above objectives.”

6. Peace-building Barnettet al. divides post conflict peace building into three dimensions:, and dealing with social and economic issues 1st Dimension (stabilizing the post-conflict zone) • Taking away weapons; Re-integrating former combatants into civilian society 2nd Dimension (restoring state institutions ) • Rebuilding basic facilities, transportation and communication networks, utilities • Developing rule of law systems and public administration • Building educational and health infrastructure • Providing technical and capacity-building assistance for institutions • Creating legitimate (democratic, accountable) state institutions

7. PB… 3rd Dimension (dealing with social and economic issues) • Trauma counseling • Transitional justice and restoration • Community dialogue • Building bridges between different communities • Increasing human rights • Gender empowerment • Raising environmental awareness • Promoting economic development • Developing a civil society and private sector that can represent diverse interests and challenge the state peacefully Indigenous peace building practices arise from local communities, they are tailored to local context and culture.

8. PBCArchetecture • Recommended by UN Reform Committees • Came into existence in 2005 ( both GA and SC passed the resolutions) • Has three different level in the HQ: - Peace Building Commission ( Deliberative Body) - Peace Support Office (Secretariat) - Peace Building Fund (Fund raising as per the PB Mandate) • Peace Building Activities led by UN humanitarian and

9. Peace building architecture Peace-building architecture (intergovernmental advisory body) • It brings together key actors, gathers resources, advises on strategies for post-conflict peace-building and highlights issues that might undermine peace. The Peace-building Commission plays a unique role in: (1) bringing together all of the relevant actors, including international donors, the international financial institutions, national governments, troop contributing countries; (2) marshalling resources and (3) advising on and proposing integrated strategies for post-conflict peace-building and recovery and where appropriate, highlighting any gaps that threaten to undermine peace.

10. …architecture UN Peace-building Fund • Supports peace-building activities that directly promote post-conflict stabilization and strengthen state and institutional capacity. • PBF funding is either given for a maximum of two years immediately following conflict to jumpstart peace-building and recovery needs or given for up to three years to create a more structured peace-building process. UN Peace-building Support Office (PBSO): • Supports the Peace-building Commission with strategic advice and policy guidance, • Administers the Peace-building Fund • Helps the Secretary-General coordinate UN agencies' peace-building efforts.

11. Peace-Building Commission • The Peacebuilding Commission (PBC), est on Dec 2005, is a new intergovernmental advisory body of the UN that supports peace efforts in countries emerging from conflict, and is a key addition to the capacity of the International Community in the broad peace agenda. Its role are: 1.Bringing together all of the relevant actors, inclintl donors, the intl financial institutions, national governments, troop contributing countries. 2. Marshalling resources. 3. Advising on and proposing integrated strategies for post-conflict peacebuilding and recovery and where appropriate, highlighting any gaps that threaten to undermine peace.

12. The High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change Post Sept 11, the Panel was created and asked to analyse and assess future threats to peace and security and to evaluate existing approaches, instruments and mechanisms, including the organs of the UN system. In this view, the Panel was specifically asked to: • Examine today's global threats and provide an analysis of future challenges to international peace and security; • Identify clearly the contribution that collective action can make in addressing these challenges. • Recommend the changes necessary to ensure effective collective action, including but not limited to a review of the principal organs of the United Nations.

13. PBC Contd.. • The concurrent GA and SC resolutions est the Peacebuilding Commission. Also provided the Peacebuilding Fund and Peacebuilding Support Office, which together form the UN peacebuilding architecture. • The PBC was established by the UN-GA and the SC acting concurrently. It is an inter-governmental advisory body that will help countries in post-conflict peace building, recovery, reconstruction and development.

14. Members of the PBC • OrglCtte is as fols : • Members of the SC, incl all PMs: • China, France, Russia, UK, USAand South Africa, • Members elected by the GA: Chile, El Salvador, Egypt, Jamaica, Burundi, Fiji, Croatia • Members elected by the Economic and Social Council • Angola, Brazil, Cz- Republic, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Luxembourg, Sri Lanka, Belgium, Poland. • Members, top mil & civ police providers: • Bangladesh, Ghana, India, Nigeria, Pakistan. Top financial contributors to UN budgets, funds pgms and agencies: Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway

15. Panel’s recommendations • Commission should be reasonably small. • Must be able to meet in different configurations in order to consider both general policy issues and country-by-country situations and strategies. • It must have a capacity and knowledge to involve the main relevant actors in different fields (UN organs such as ECOSOC and representative from UN agencies, International Financial and Economic Institutions, representatives of regional and subregional organizations) • It should be assisted by Peacebuilding Support Office established in the Secretariat.

16. Peace Building Commission Security Council General Assly SCR-1645; 20/12/005 GAR-16/80; 30/12/005 Inter Govtl Adv Body PBC Submits Annual rpt -GA Task Collect Resources Collect Funds Sp rec Projects Drafts long-term strategies in order to guarantee reconstruction, institution-building and sustainable development.

17. Peace Building Fund (PBF) • UN(PBF) is a multi-year standing trust fund for post-conflict peace building, est in 2006 by the SG at the request of the GA with an initial funding target of $250 mln. • The fund was est to meet the financial and other resources required for peace building. • The fund aims to extend critical support during the early stages of a peace process. Its design embodies several key principals: -Recognition of national ownership of peace processes. -The need to serve as a ‘catalyst’ to kick-start critical peace building inventions -To utilize UN Agencies, funds and programmes as recipients to support project implementation by national entities. -To operate as a disbursement process at the country level

18. PBF Fund administration: The Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) Office of the  (UNDP) serves as the Administrative Agent and is responsible for fund management, including the receipt of donor contributions, the disbursement of funds, and the submission of consolidated narrative and financial reports. Governance Arrangements -The UN GA guides the operations of the Fund and may offer overall policy guidance. -The PBC supports the development of integrated strategies for post-conflict peace building and recovery and provides strategic advice in relation to countries under its review. -The PBSO provides overall direction and guidance on programme management and monitoring. Advisory group SG appoints an independent advisory group to provide advice and oversight of the speed and appropriateness of fund allocations and to examine performance and financial reports. In March 2007, the SG announced the composition of the Advisory Group: 10 eminent persons, from all regions, with significant peace building experience. The Advisory Group met for the first time on 6 September 2007. The Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) of UN , World bank and donors.

19. Funds • The UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery. • The World Bank State and Peacebuilding Fund (SPF): • The Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF): a stand-by fund established by the UN • UN Multi-donor Trust Funds: A number of multi-donor trust funds (MDTFs) • administered by UNDP • The European Commission Instrument for Stability • The United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security: • DPA Trust Funds: Trust Fund for Preventive Action and the Trust Fund in Support of the Special Missions • Un Trust Fund in Support of Ending Violence against Women:

20. Other Agencies (PB) Peace-building Portal (beginning) • Provides information and develops communication networks in the peace-building community to build local, national, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations' capacity • UN Department of Political Affairs: post conflict peace-building • UN Development Program: conflict prevention, peace-building, post-conflict recovery. • The World Bank assists in post-conflict reconstruction and recovery by helping rebuild society's socioeconomic framework. • The International Monetary Fund deals with post-conflict recovery and peace-building by acting to restore assets and production levels.

21. Peace-building Support office PBSO does not directly implement peace building. It supports those who do. • Training:PBSO can advise on what training courses on peace building . • Knowledge management: PBSO runs the web-based Peace building Community of Practice, uniting peace building practitioners across the UN electronically. It provides real time responses to questions from the field, online access to peace building information, monthly newsletters and an annual workshop. This is open to UN staff members only. UN staff members may request subscription by sending a message indicating their UN email address, position, department/agency, and duty station to pb-cop@groups.un-network.org. • Research: PBSO will not normally sponsor research, but it brings together institutions, policy makers and practitioners to promote greater relevance and usefulness in peace building research. It can to direct to the right place for advice on: • Assessment, planning and monitoring tools • Conflict analysis and planning • Thematic areas of peace building (e.g. DDR, security sector reform, rule of law, etc.) • Peace building resources (civilian capacity, UN volunteers, etc.)

22. PBC Sp-Office SG ASG- PBC Strategic Planning Section Policy Analysis Section External Relations Section First Action: PBC and the Govt of Burundi agreed on four critical peace-building areas to form the basis of a strategic framework: 1. Promoting good governance 2. Strengthening the rule of law 3. Reform of the security sector 4. Ensuring community recovery with a special focus on youth.

23. PBC Sp-Office SG ASG- PBC Strategic Planning Section Policy Analysis Section External Relations Section First Action: PBC and the Govt of Burundi agreed on four critical peace-building areas to form the basis of a strategic framework: 1. Promoting good governance 2. Strengthening the rule of law 3. Reform of the security sector 4. Ensuring community recovery with a special focus on youth.

24. Conclusion