Colonizing America (1519-1733)

1. Colonizing America (1519-1733) Chapter 2

2. The Spanish and French Build Empires Section 1

3. The Invasion Begins • European Weapons: crossbows, swords, guns, cannons • Montezuma thought Cortes was the god, Quetzalcoatl • Fair-skinned, bearded god who came from the east to destroy the Aztecs • Montezuma sent an envoy to: pay tribute to Spanish king, and sacrifice captives • Cortes killed 6000 Native Americans. 11/8/1519 he entered the capital city peacefully

4. Cortes Defeats the Aztecs • Tenochtitlan – Aztec capital • Larger than European cities, central plaza had double pyramid, canals in city, human skulls displayed • Human skulls displayed & priests had long hair matted with dried human blood • Cortes ordered all human sacrifices stopped • Replaced Aztec statues with Christian crosses and images of the Virgin Mary • Cortes finally defeated the Aztec in August 1521

5. New Spain Expands • Pizzaro explored Peru and encountered the Incas • Atahualpa – emperor of the Incas • Pizzaro wanted to meet Atahualpa at Cajamarca to ambush him • The cavalry and cannons hid • Atahualpa refused the Bible and threw it on the ground

6. French Empire in America • King Francis I wanted explorers to explore the coastline of North America • Goal: Find Northwest Passage – water way to Asia • Jacques Cartier explored St. Lawrence River

7. Early Explorers Video • 1. What was the “Age of Exploration”? • 2. How did Louisiana get its name? • 3. Why did LaSalle not know where he was? • 4. LaSalle was credited with what even though his expedition failed?

8. English Colonies in America Section 2

9. England Takes Interest in America • Colony: settlement of people in foreign country • Colonist – settler in the colony • Jamestown was the first permanent English colony in North America • Henry VII sent John Cabot to discover & claim lands in North America • England & Spain were allies before the Protestant Reformation • If England tried to colonize North America, then it would threaten the alliance between itself and Spain

10. Reformation Divides Europe • Before 1517 – Europe was Catholic • Martin Luther started the protest against the Catholic Church • Protestant Reformation was the split from the Catholic Church • Luther was excommunicated (kicked out) from the Catholic Church • John Calvin suggested that neither kings nor bishops should rule the church • Calvin’s ideas will impact the U.S. because it will give the colonists more of a say in their lives

11. Reformation Changes England • Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church because the pope would not annul his marriage • He formed the Church of England (Anglican) • Many English wanted to purify the Anglican Church by taking out all Catholic practices • Became known as Puritans • Influence by John Calvin – elect its own ministers to control the church • James I persecuted Puritans, the Puritans left and went to Holland

12. Economic Changes in England • Large estate owners no longer renting land to small farmers – begin herding sheep. This caused small farmers to lose money becoming beggars. These small farmers were interested in the idea of a better life in America • Joint-Stock Company: pooled money of investors without government financing.

13. England Returns to North America • Reformation changed the balance of power in England • England was the leading Protestant nation; Spain was the leading Catholic nation • Walter Raleigh persuaded Elizabeth to send ships to scout American coastline • Ships landed on Roanoke – named the land Virginia – Elizabeth – “Virgin Queen”

14. Jamestown is Founded • Virginia Company applied for a charter – sent 3 ships, 144 men, and founded the colony of Jamestown • Named after James I (king of England) • Early Troubles – settlers were townspeople – most of tem did not know how to raise livestock or plant crops • 53 settlers remained in 1608 – most would have died if it were not for John Smith and Powhatan • Smith set up trade with the Powhatans – winter became known as the “Starving Time”

15. First Assembly • Virginia Company wanted to attract more settlers • First reform in the colony was to elect an assembly to make laws • First assembly held on 7/30/1619 and the VA government included a governor, 6 councilors, and 20 representatives • The representatives were called Burgesses and the assembly was called the House of Burgesses

16. Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony • 4500 settlers in VA in 1662, the increased number alarmed Native Americans • Native Americans attacked Jamestown and killed 350 settlers • James I revoked Virginia Company’s charter to own Jamestown and made it a royal colony which was to be governed by a governor appointed the king

17. Maryland is Founded • Lord Baltimore founded the colony of Maryland • As a haven (safe place) for Catholics who were persecuted in England • Proprietary colony – meant to make $$$$ • A colony that could be governed in anyway by its owner • Many protestants came to the colony, but it was founded for Catholics to escape England

18. New England Section 3

19. Pilgrims Land at Plymouth • Separatists became known as Pilgrims – James I threatened to imprison them for challenging his authority • 1620, Pilgrims sailed to America on the Mayflower with 102 passengers – took them 65 days

20. Puritans Found Massachusetts • Two reasons: economic & religious hardships in England • City Upon a Hill • John Winthrop – stock holder in the Massachusetts Bay Company • Create a colony as a refuge for Puritans • 1630, 11 more ships and 900 settlers went to MA colony • Capital = Boston

21. City Upon a Hill (Continued) • 1643 – 20,000 settlers in the MA colony • Winthrop hid the charter that gave the General Court the right to make laws • General Court realized they were supposed to make laws and be elected by citizens • Punishable by flogging: 1. blasphemy, 2. adultery, 3. drunkenness, 4. gambling • Tried to keep people with different religious out • Called these people heretics

22. Rhode Island & Religious Dissent • Roger Williams – minister in Boston, challenged Puritan beliefs because did not like purifying the Anglican Church. Founded the town of Providence – government had no authority over religion – different religions were tolerated • Anne Hutchinson claimed she knew which ministers had salvation – charged with heresy • She claimed God spoke directly with her, she contradicted the Puritan belief that God only spoke through the Bible

23. River Towns of Connecticut • Reverend Thomas Hooker asked the Gen. Assembly to move his congregation to the Connecticut River Valley • Wanted to move because they did not have enough land to raise cattle • Every church member should be able to elect the governor and General Assembly • 1637, Hooker was allowed to move and the towns of Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield joined together to make Connecticut • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – first written constitution in America

24. New Hampshire & Maine • Capitan Jon Mason founded the colony of New Hampshire • Fernando Gorges called his territory Maine

25. King Philip’s War • Traded for tools, guns, & metal • Fur trade decreased; demanded Native Americans follow English laws and customs • Native Americans felt the English were trying to destroy their way of life • 1675, arrested and executed 3 Wampanoag for murder – beginning of King Philip’s War • Metacomet – Wampanoag leader – King Philip • Colonists won – (1) New England belonged to the colonists, (2) surviving Native Americans scattered

26. Middle and Southern Colonies Section 4

27. English Civil War • No colonies due to a civil war in England, king took power back & colonization was promoted again • Colonies were a vital source for raw materials & a market for manufactured goods

28. New Netherlands becomes New York • 1664, 10,000 people – needed labor – imported slaves from Africa – 10% of population African slaves

29. New York & New Jersey • 1664, King Charles II decided to take New Netherlands from the Dutch because they had helped the British colonies smuggle European goods (Navigation Acts, we’ll talk about this later) • Gave Delaware Bay to Sir George Carteret, Lord Berkeley, and Duke of York • The Duke of York gave part of his land to an advisor from Jersey – named a part of the colony of New York New Jersey

30. Pennsylvania and Delaware • 1680, King Charles in debt to William Penn’s father – granted him land between New York and Virginia in settlement of the debt • Religious motives – rid England of Quakers • Quakers – believed that everyone had an “inner light”, No need for a church or ministers • Objected to: political & religious authority, violence, and paying taxes • Tried to live in other colonies, but were persecuted, needed a colony of their own

31. New Southern Colonies • North Carolina named for Charles II (Latin) • Most settlers had drifted from Virginia • The colony did not grow quickly because it did not have a good harbor/port (why was this important?) • Farmers grew tobacco – merchants exported naval supplies (tar, pitch, turpentine)

32. South Carolina • Thought it was suitable for growing sugar cane – not really, they will find out • First settlement named Charles Town – after King Charles • South Carolina exported deerskin (used for leather) • Captured Native Americans & shipped them to the Caribbean to be used as slaves

33. Georgia Experiment • James Oglethorpe asked George II for land south of Carolina to help solve the problem of debtors and poor in England • The colony served 2 purposes: (1) help solve the problem of poor people in England, (2) buffer-zone between Spanish Florida & English colonies • Georgia was named after George II • Banned items in the colony: slavery, rum, and brandy

34. England’s American Colonies • Population of English colonies in 1775 = 2.5 million • England ignored the colonies, known as Salutary of Neglect (Talk about this later) • Colonists became used to having their own way and they felt it was their right to keep it that way… • And the seeds of rebellion were planted and the foundation for the American Revolution laid.