Norm- Referenced Tests & Criterion-Referenced Tests

1. Norm- Referenced Tests & Criterion-Referenced Tests E3C Group:1 Group members: Star 余昕芯 4954 Nancy 蕭幸儒 495410634 Amanda 廖苡汝 4954 Christine 孫立軒 495410800 Sharon 黃琇琳 495410290 Kevin 林淳漢 4954

2. Introduction of Norm- Referenced Tests & Criterion-Referenced Tests • A norm-referenced test (NRT) is a type of test, assessment, or evaluation which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured. • Critics of criterion-referenced tests point out that judges set bookmarks around items of varying difficulty without considering whether the items actually are compliant with grade level content standards or are developmentally appropriate.

3. ※Compare NRT & CRT

4. NRT & CRT common characteristics

5. Advantages and disadvantages of NRT & CRT

6. Advantages and disadvantages of NRT Advantages： They easy for instructors to use They work well in situations requiring rigid differentiation among students They are generally appropriate in large courses

7. Advantages and disadvantages of NRT Disadvantages： An individual's grade is determined not only by his/her achievements, but also by the achievements of others.

8. Advantages and disadvantages of CRT Advantages： Students are not competing with each other Students are thus more likely to actively help each other learn. A student's grade is not influenced by the caliber of the class.

9. Advantages and disadvantages of CRT Disadvantages： It is difficult to set a reasonable standard for students Most experienced faculty set criteria based on their knowledge of how students usually perform Criterion-referenced systems often become fairly similar to norm-referenced systems.

10. Background of GEPT & TOEFL ※GEPT： The GEPT (General English Proficiency Test) was sponsored by the Taiwan Ministry of Education (MOE) and was developed at The Language Training and Testing Center (LTTC). It is designed to measure English language skills including listening, reading, writing and speaking to individuals whose mother tongue is not English. Since the first test launched in 1990, the GEPT has come one of the most recognized and popular tests for evaluating English proficiency levels in Taiwan.

11. Statistic shows more than 1.74 million people would have taken the test by September 2005. According to the reports by the LTTC, most examinees are students who would use the test score as one of the criteria to be accepted for further education in Taiwan or as a method of passing the benchmark requirements of English studied in schools. • Recently GEPT test takers have included many business corporations and government officials. Though a new rule stipulated in 2006 indicates children under 12 are prohibited from taking the test in fear of the negative psychological effects that might occur if they do not perform well on the test.

12. ※TOEFL： • The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) evaluates the potential success of an individual to use and understand academic English at a college level. It is required for non-native applicants at many English-speaking colleges and universities. Additionally, institutions such as government agencies, businesses, or scholarship programs may require this test. A TOEFL score is valid for two years and then is deleted from the official database. Colleges and universities usually consider only the most recent TOEFL score. • The TOEFL test is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Service (ETS) and is administered worldwide. The test was first administered in 1964 and has since been taken by nearly 20 million students.

13. References: • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criterion-referenced_test • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm-referenced_test • http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/measeval/crnmref.html