Nixon's New Federalism and Foreign Policy

1. VOCABULARY • Revenue Sharing – the distribution of federal money to states with little or no government regulation on how it is used • Southern Strategy – Nixon’s policy addressing desegregation and the Supreme Court designed to attract the southern democrat vote • Détente – foreign policy designed to ease cold war tensions used by Nixon

2. VOCABULARY • Impeachment – the process of accusing a public official of wrongdoing • Watergate – a scandal arising from the Nixon administration’s attempt to cover up its involvement in the break in of the Democratic National Committee Headquarters

3. VOCABULARY • National Energy Act – law enacted that placed a tax on “gas-guzzling” cars and provided a tax credit for the development of alternative energy sources • Camp David Accords – agreements between Israel and Egypt – Negotiated by Carter • Environmentalist – people that work to protect the environment • Environmental Protection Agency – regulates water and air pollution • Three Mile Island – location where a nuclear reactor overheated and developed a leak and radiation escaped

4. Week 15 Journal 57 1. What is Watergate? Write what you think or know about the topic. • Explain how tariffs affect the economy.

7. CHAPTER 24 SECTION 1 THE NIXON ADMINISTRATION

8. NIXON’S NEW FEDERALISM • Wanted to change direction of the country • More conservative • Decrease the size of the government • Redistribute powers • Revenue Sharing • Spend federal money as they want - limit

9. WELFARE PROGRAM • Nixon was not successful in this area • Did not oppose the program – wanted to make it more effective • Tried to implement the - - - • Family Assistance Plan • Family of four would get $1,600 a year • Could earn up to $4,000 a year • Unemployed must take job training and reasonable work HOUSE SAID YES – SENATE SAID NO

10. THE TWO FACES OF NEW FEDERALISM • Nixon increased: • Social Security • Medicare and Medicaid • Made food stamps more accessible • Supported subsidized housing • Expanded Job Corps • Nixon used impoundment to slow down programs he did not agree with • Effected programs in health care and education

11. LAW AND ORDER POLITICS • Nixon was elected on a promise to end the war and mend the division it had created • 1969 began removal of troops • Used resources to gather info to help mend fences – some illegal • Wire taps, infiltrate organizations, IRS audits of anti war people • Spiro Agnew – VP- gave speeches attacking protesters

12. SOUTHERN STRATEGY • Nixon’s attempt to gain support from southern conservative democrats • Focused on desegregation policies and the liberal Supreme Court

13. SUPREME COURT THE COURT IS NOW LEANING TOWARD A CONSERVATIVE MAKE UP. • Four seats opened during the Nixon administration • Opportunity to change direction of the court • Appointed Warren Burger to Chief Justice – he was a conservative • Others were approved with difficulty

14. STAGFLATION • Economic condition of rising inflation and unemployment • Major problem during Nixon’s administration • He was not very successful in fighting stagflation

15. CAUSES OF ECONOMIC PROBLEMS • Johnson’s deficit spending • Decrease in international trade • Other countries were rising industrial powers • Too many people in the work force for the number of jobs • Baby Boomers • US depended on foreign oil from Middle East

16. OPEC • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries • Many Middle Eastern countries belonged to OPEC • They gradually raised prices

17. THE YOM KIPPUR WAR • Israel against Egypt and Syria • US sided with Israel • OPEC responded with an oil embargo against the US • Fall of ’73 until March of ’74 • Long lines and high prices • When embargo was lifted OPEC had quadrupled oil prices

18. NIXON BATTLES STAGFLATION • Tried to raise taxes and cut the budget • Congress refused • Raised interest rates to reduce amount of money in circulation • Put the country in a recession • Aug. ’71 began price and wage controls to stop inflation • Helped for a short time

19. NIXON’S FOREIGN POLICY • Top priority • Honorable peace in Vietnam • He also had successes in other places

20. KISSINGER AND REALPOLITIK REALPOLITIK WAS A MAJOR CHANGE FROM CONTAINMENT • Realistic politics – German • Kissinger was key to Nixon’s foreign policy – became Secretary of State • He believed in evaluating a nations power not its philosophy or beliefs • If a country is weak – ignore it! • Confront powerful nations not just militarily but negotiate with them KISSINGER URGED US TO RECONNIZE THE COMMUNIST NATIONS - - - IMPORTANT FOR FOREIGN RELATIONS WITH SOVIET UNION AND CHINA

21. DÉTENTE • Nixon and Kissinger’s modified version of realpolitik • Specifically aimed at ending the Cold War • Led to Nixon visiting communist nations

22. NIXON IN CHINA - 1971 • US had not recognized China since communist had taken over in 1949 • From ’61 until ’71 the Soviet Union and China had not been getting along • US took advantage of this by having Nixon visiting China • Several agreements were made - - - -

23. Neither would try to dominate the Pacific • Cooperate to settle disputes peacefully • Participate in scientific and cultural exchanges • Eventually reunite Taiwan with the mainland

24. NIXON TRAVELS TO MOSCOW • May 1972 • First US president to ever visit the Soviet Union • US and SU had reached an agreement about Berlin

25. SALT 1 TREATY • Strategic Arms Limitation Talks • Five year agreement signed by Nixon and Brezhnev • Limit the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine launched missiles to 1972 levels

26. ELECTION OF 1972 • All this foreign policy came in the election year • Announcement made that peace in Vietnam was near • All this helped Nixon get reelected

27. SECTION 2 WATERGATE NIXON’S DOWNFALL

28. AN IMPERIAL PRESIDENCY • The power of the government shifts • When Nixon took office power rested with the executive branch • Nixon settled in well • He did what he wanted for the most part….

29. THE PRESIDENT’S MEN • Nixon distanced himself from congress • Confided with a small loyal group • H. R. Haldeman – Chief of Staff • John Ehrlichman – Chief Domestic Advisor • John Mitchell – Attorney General

30. They helped him win in ’68 and now helped direct policy • Believed they were above the law • This feeling made them feel they could cover up their roll in Watergate • 1972 election – wanted to win BIG

31. BUNGLED BURGLARY • June 17, 1972 - - 2:30 am • Headquarters of the DNC

32. THE PLUMBERS • Job – unplug leaks to the media • Aid Nixon any way necessary • That night they were to photograph documents describing democratic strategy and bug the office

33. JAMES McCORD • Leader of the plumbers • Former CIA agent • Official in the Committee to Reelect the President

34. JOHN MITCHELL • Resigned as atty. Gen. to run Nixon’s campaign • Director of the CRP

35. H. R. Haldeman • Concerned about how Nixon would respond to the break in • If the White House responded by disowning the entire operation and making those involved resign • The President would lose his most trusted men – those he depended on

36. SO THE COVER-UP BEGINS • Incriminating documents are shredded • White House, with Nixon’s consent, asked the CIA to urge the FBI to stop the investigation – (National Security) • CRP passed out almost $500,000 to the plumbers to buy their silence after their indictment

37. BOB WOODWARD AND CARL BERNSTEIN • Washington Post journalists • Stayed on the story through ’72 campaign • Other journalists did not • They were able to link many members of the administration to the burglary • White House denied all allegations

38. ELECTION OF 1972 • Nixon wins in a landslide • Beats McGovern

39. Week 15 Journal 58 • Read the quote and answer the questions • “We must understand that détente is not a love fest. It is an understanding between nations that have opposite purposes, but which share common interests, including the avoidance of a nuclear war.” • 1. Who was president during the time the quote was made? • 2. What is the détente that the quote is referencing?

40. THE COVER-UP UNRAVELS • Trial begins – January 1973 • All burglars but one changed plea from innocent to guilty

41. JAMES McCORD • Found guilty by a jury

42. JUDGE JOHN SIRICA NOW THE PUBLIC GETS INTERESTED • Presiding judge for the trial • Believed the scandal went deeper than the plumbers and their CRP supervisors • Days before sentencing McCord sends a letter to Judge Sirica –

43. NIXON TRIES TO STOP THE PUBLIC CONCERN ALL THIS HAPPENED TOO LATE THE SENATE BEGAN ITS INVESTIGATION IN MAY 1973 • John Dean – dismissed – White House council • Haldeman and Ehrlichman resign • Denies everything on Television • Elliot Richardson – appointed new Attorney General • Authorized to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate Watergate

44. SAM ERVIN • Chaired the special committee that listened to the testimony of Nixon administration officials • Summer to fall • Several bombshells were dropped

45. JOHN DEAN • Stated in his testimony that Nixon knew about the cover up

46. JOHN MITCHELL • Sent by Nixon to refute Dean’s testimony • He denied approving of the break in and wire tapping of the DNC • Also stated that if there was a cover up Nixon did NOT know about it

47. WHO IS TELLING THE TRUTH ? The battle for the Tapes lasted for a year. • Committee has to decide • Questioning ALEXANDER BUTTERFIELD • They find out that Nixon has taped almost all of his presidential conversations • The Senate now wants the tapes

48. SATURDAY NIGHT MASSACRE • Archibald Cox • Appointed by Richardson to investigate the case • He took the president to court – OCT ’73 to get the tapes • Nixon refused and ordered Richardson to fire Cox

49. Richardson refused and resigned • Deputy Attorney General also refused and was fired • Solicitor Gen. Robert Bork fired Cox • Leon Jawarski replaced Cox and he was just as determined to get tapes • After this Massacre the House Judiciary Committee began to think about IMPEACHMENT

50. NIXON AND AGNEW’S FINANCIAL RECORDS • Agnew resigned before the massacre because it was found out he had taken bribes • They started to investigate Nixon financial records • It looked like tax evasion – this led to his famous quote • “I am not a crook”