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COURSE TITLE: Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Fall, 2013 BIO 3302; Lecture, 10:00-11:15 am, TH; LSE 204

COURSE TITLE: Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Fall, 2013 BIO 3302; Lecture, 10:00-11:15 am, TH; LSE 204 TEXT: Vertebrates:Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution , 6th ed. (2012), by Kenneth V. Kardong INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Stan Trauth, Professor of Zoology

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COURSE TITLE: Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Fall, 2013 BIO 3302; Lecture, 10:00-11:15 am, TH; LSE 204

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  1. COURSE TITLE: Comparative Vertebrate AnatomyFall, 2013 BIO 3302; Lecture, 10:00-11:15 am, TH; LSE 204 TEXT: Vertebrates:Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, 6th ed. (2012), by Kenneth V. Kardong INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Stan Trauth, Professor of Zoology OFFICE: LSW 146 (Electron Microscope Facility); office hours 4-5, M-H. OBJECTIVES OF COURSE: Survey of vertebrate anatomy with emphasis on evolutionary history and homology. Also, the functional significance of anatomical structures will be addressed. TENTATIVE LECTURE OUTLINE--SUBJECT MATERIAL FOUND IN THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS: Aug. 20-27 - Introduction; Vertebrate Body Plan (Chpts 1, 2 & 4) – PPs 1-3 Aug. 29-Sept. 5 - Vertebrate Classification (Chpt 3) – PPs 4-6 Sept. 10-17 - Early Vertebrate Morphogenesis (Chpt 5) – PP 7 Sept. 19 - 1stEXAM Sept. 24-26 - Integument (Chpt 6) – PP 8 Oct. 1-3 - Vertebrae (Chpt 8) – PP 9; Vertebrate Skull (Chpt 7) – PP 9 Oct. 8-10 - Appendicular Skeleton (Chpt 9) – PP 9 Oct. 15-17 - Muscles (Chpt 10) – PP 10 Oct. 22-24 - Digestive System (Chpt 13) – PP 11 Oct. 29 - 2ndEXAM Oct. 31 - Respiratory System (Chpt 11) – PP 12 Nov. 5-7 - Circulatory System (Chpt 12) – PP 13 Nov. 12 - Urogenital System (Chpt 14) – PP 14 Nov. 14 - Nervous System (Chpt 16) – PP 15 Nov. 19 - Sense Organs (Chpt17) – PP 16; Endocrine Organs (Chpt 15) – PP 17 Nov. 21 - 3rd Exam Nov. 25-30 - Fall Break and Thanksgiving Holiday Dec. 9 (Tuesday) - FINAL EXAM (8:00-10:00 am) Total Points: 500 pts. (300 pts.—Lecture Exams; 200 pts.—Comprehensive Final) A - 450 pts. B - 400-449 C - 350-399 D - 300-349 F < 299 Attendance is MANDITORY. Make-up exams MUST be taken no later than one lecture period following the original test date. Arkansas State University ACADEMIC INTEGRITY POLICY Arkansas State University enthusiastically promotes academic integrity and professional ethics among all members of the ASU academic community. Violations of this policy are considered as serious misconduct and may result in disciplinary action and severe penalties.

  2. Comparative Anatomy of the VertebratesIntroduction Part 1

  3. Figure 1.1. Aggregate of copperheads and Individual tongue flicking.

  4. Before birds, there were carnivores by which feathers evolved. Figure 1.2.

  5. Evolutionary Relationships Figure 1.3. One theory of feather origin is based on developmental stages that feathers exhibit today, which are related to different theropod dinosaur groups.

  6. Teleology – a structure is acquired because it “needs” it (i.e., intelligent design; this ideology does not fall within the realm of scientific investigation). • “Birds have wings; THEREFORE, they CAN fly. They don’t spout wings because they NEED to fly.” (Avoid the use of the word “need” in any statement in Comparative Anatomy.) • Ontogeny- individual organism develops (e.g., embryo to adult).

  7. In the evolutionary process, is there a push back to juvenile stages? Figure 1.4.

  8. Time Magazine, Oct. 31, 2011

  9. Figure 1.5. Newborn Chimpanzee Adult Chimpanzee • The newborn chimpanzee is strikingly human-like (skull and hair), yet these characteristics are lost as it matures (left to right). • Evolution by retaining juvenile characteristic stages.

  10. Skull Comparisons Figure 1.6. Chimpanzee (female) [95 mm] Neanderthal [152 mm] Modern Human [135mm] • In comparing functionally important genes, humans and chimpanzees are 99.4% similar. • Chimpanzees should be reclassified as Homo troglodytes according to a recent study; currently humans are the only species in the genus Homo.

  11. Evolutionary Morphology- study of from and function • Homology- two or more structures that share common ancestry • Analogy- structures have similar functions • Homoplastic- structures look similar but distantly related Birds: Loss of digits, some bones fused Bats: 5 digits, elongated metacarpals and phalanges Pterosaurs: elongated fourth digit Figure 1.7. Wing morphology.

  12. Morphology is the central theme in evolutionary biology. • Cuvier- considered morphology to be integration of form and function Figure 1.8. Fruit fly wing and pteranodon wing analogous and homoplastic structures but not homologous.

  13. Figure 1.9. Forelimb bones. • Homology in type of bones present (e.g., carpals, humerus, etc.) • Adaptations give a variety of functions (e.g., walk, fly, swim, etc.) • Natural Selection- variations in organisms result in varying degrees of success in competition (i.e., survival of the “reproductive” fittest)

  14. Vertebrate embryos are structurally similar in early embryonic stages. Figure 1.10. Vertebrate embryo development.

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