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The Early Civil War: Fort Sumter to Antietam (1861-1862)

This chapter delves into the pivotal early years of the American Civil War, from the skirmish at Fort Sumter to the blood-soaked fields of Antietam. Key events include the secession of the Upper South, the First Battle of Bull Run, and General McClellan's campaign against Richmond. The chapter highlights the contrasting advantages of the Union and Confederacy, strategic plans like the Anaconda Plan, and the significant battles that shaped the conflict, illustrating the brutal realities faced by both sides in their quest for victory.

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The Early Civil War: Fort Sumter to Antietam (1861-1862)

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  1. Chapter 11 Section 1 April 12, 1861- Fort Sumter, SC- Civil War- Union vs. Confederacy

  2. Chapter 11 Section 1 • Upper South seceded- VA, NC, TN, AR • Confederate capital- Montgomery, AL to Richmond, VA • “Forward to Richmond!” • General Irvin McDowell- commander- Union troops • July 16- McDowell to Manassas • First Battle of Bull Run- north • Confederacy- P.G.T. Beauregard • Additional Confederate troops- freight cars • 1st time in history!

  3. Chapter 11 Section 1 • General Thomas Jackson • “Stonewall” • Union returns to D.C. • First Battle of Manassas- South • Casualties- killed, wounded, MIA • 2,900- North • Less than 2,000- South

  4. Chapter 11 Section 1 • Advantages- North- more railroad track • Balance of economy • More money • Gov’t, army, navy, more pop., patriotism • Advantages- South- military colleges • Don’t get beat • Preservation of life and self-gov’t

  5. Chapter 11 Section 1 • Lincoln- blockade- seceded states • Strategy- General Winfield Scott • Choke off- Confederacy- control- Mississippi • Anaconda Plan • Seizing Richmond

  6. Chapter 11 Section 1 • CSA President Jefferson Davis- “let us alone” • War of attrition- continual losses- wear them out • Northerners- no more fight in them • South- “King Cotton”- Great Britain and France • Europeans- India and Egypt • Tactics- shells- devices- explode- air • Canister- shell- bullets • Cannons

  7. Chapter 11 Section 1 • North- turns to George McClellan • AR, LA, MS, TN- “War in the West” • General Ulysses S. Grant- North • Feb. 1862- Grant- Fort Henry and Fort Donelson- TN • Fort Henry surrenders • Fort Donelson surrenders • Nashville falls

  8. Chapter 11 Section 1 • March 1862- Grant vs. Albert Sidney Johnston • Grant stops- Pittsburgh Landing, TN • Waits- General Don Carlos Buell • April 12, 1862- Battle of Shiloh • Johnston’s army defeated- dead • Union- 13,000- Confederacy- 11,000 • Significance- bloodiest battle- NA

  9. Chapter 11 Section 1 • April 1862- David Farragut- New Orleans falls • Baton Rouge and Natchez, MS as well • Then Memphis, TN • Confederacy controls Vicksburg, MS and Port Hudson, LA

  10. Chapter 11 Section 1 • War in the East • Confederate ship- Merrimack- Virginia • Union’s wooden navy no match • Union warship- Monitor • Monitor vs. Merrimack • Impact- wooden navies- obsolete

  11. Chapter 11 Section 1 • George McClellan- second attempt- capture Richmond • Army of the Potomac- out of D.C. • Encounter- Yorktown, VA • Battle of Seven Pines- Northern victory • CSA- General Joseph Johnston- wounded • Robert E. Lee arrives

  12. Chapter 11 Section 1 • Lee gets support from Stonewall Jackson- VA • Seven Days’ Battles • Union loses 16,000 people • Confederacy- 20,000 people dead • McClellan retreats • Second Battle of Bull Run • General John Pope- now in command- Union • Pope defeated • McClellan returns

  13. Chapter 11 Section 1 • Battle of Antietam • Lee- invade the North • European support for the South? • Western MD • Sharpsburg, MD • Confederates retreat • Outcome: bloodiest day- Civil War

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