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Building Layout with Leveling Instruments

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  1. 8 Chapter Building Layout

  2. Objectives • Explain the operation of the builder’s level and level-transit. • Explain the basic operation of a laser level system. • Demonstrate proper setup, sighting, and leveling procedures. • Measure and lay out angles using leveling equipment. Spectra-Physics Laserplane, Inc.

  3. Objectives (Cont.) • Read the vernier scale. • Explain the procedure of laying out building lines and finding the grade level. • Use a plumb line.

  4. Placing Buildings • Carpenters must know where structure will be located on property • Building sites • Lots • Communities have strict requirements • Setback from street • Clearances from adjoining properties

  5. Think Green • Organize jobsite recycling programs to minimize waste onsite • Designate places to store materials ready for reuse on jobsite • Include bins for separating wood, metal, and other scrap material for recycling

  6. Plot Plan • Builder or owner to furnish plot plan • Location of structure • Distances to property lines on all sides • Created by surveyor • Typically shows property boundaries in feet and decimal parts of foot

  7. Plot Plan Example

  8. Measuring Tapes • Steel tapes used for measuring and layouts involving long distances • Carpenters use tapes marked in feet and inches • Surveyors use tapes marked in feet and decimal parts of foot The Stanley Co.

  9. Building Lines • Mark where walls of structure will be • Must conform to code requirements • Observe proper setbacks • Check clearances • Laid out as rectangle or multiple rectangles

  10. Square Corners • Mark 6′ along one building line • Mark 8′ on intersecting building line • When distance between marks is 10′, corner is square

  11. Laying Out with Leveling Instruments • Building lines, footings, and walls must be accurate • For small buildings, carpenter’s level and framing square are accurate enough • Larger buildings require other tools David White

  12. Builder’s Level and Transit • Accurate for building layout • Have telescopes with accurate bubble levels • Optical device uses line of sight • Transit can determine if wall is perfectly plumb David White

  13. Leveling Rod • Measures vertical distances from horizontal sight line • Long rod marked off with numbered graduations • Target can be moved up or down to match line of sight David White

  14. Laser Level • Emits beam of light in 360° circle • Can be adjusted so circle is perfectly level or perfectly plumb • Functions like builder’s level to establish line Spectra-Physics Laserplane, Inc.

  15. Safety Note • Regulations limit power output of lasers • Class II lasers limited to 1 milliwatt • Class IIIa units limited to less than 5 milliwatts • Safe for human eyes if not staring into beam Spectra-Physics Laserplane, Inc.

  16. Care of Leveling Instruments • Keep instrument clean and dry • When removing from case, grip by base • When moving on tripod, hold instrument upright • Never overtighten leveling screws • Set tripod on firm ground • Clean lenses with camel hair brush

  17. Using Leveling Instruments • Instruments must start from reference point • Stone marker in ground • Point on manhole cover • Instrument is located at station mark • Corner of property • Corner of building Kasten-Weiler Construction

  18. Horizontal Graduated Circle • Divided into 1° spaces • When you rotate telescope • Graduated circle remains stationary • Vernier scale moves • When zero mark of vernier is on degree mark, reading is even degree David White

  19. Laying Out and Staking Buildings • Done before establishing grade level • Begins with locating lot lines • Difficult to locate stakes in single operation • Temporary stakes may be used

  20. Finding Grade Level • Grade is level of ground • Grade leveling is finding difference of grade levels among several points • Elevation refers to major levels of building • Benchmark remains undisturbed during construction

  21. Setting Footing Stakes • First set to approximate level “by eye” • Carefully checked with rod and level • Cut and fill stakes show how much fill to adjust to reach grade level

  22. Running Straight Lines with Transit • Used for accuracy when different elevations are involved • By pointing telescope up or down, points can be located in perfectly straight line

  23. Vertical Planes and Lines • Transit used for: • Measuring vertical angles above or below line of sight • Plumbing building walls, columns, and posts

  24. Total Stations • Measures horizontal and vertical angles • Also measures distances • Combines optical sensors with electronic circuitry • Can measure over any distance as long as line of sight is maintained Trimble

  25. Construction Careers Surveyor/Surveying Technician • Establish official land boundaries and exact locations • Must meet education and experience requirements • Must pass licensing examination • Work for architectural and engineering firms and governments Celeborn/Shutterstock

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