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Biochemistry- Ch 11. Carbohydrates

Biochemistry- Ch 11. Carbohydrates. 阮雪芬 NTUT Nov 4, 2002. Monosaccharides. The simplest carbohydrates (C-H 2 O) n Carbon hydrate. Trioses. enantiomers. D-Aldoses Containing Three, Four, Five, and Six Carbon Atoms. D-Aldoses Containing Three, Four, Five, and Six Carbon Atoms.

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Biochemistry- Ch 11. Carbohydrates

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  1. Biochemistry-Ch 11. Carbohydrates 阮雪芬 NTUT Nov 4, 2002

  2. Monosaccharides • The simplest carbohydrates • (C-H2O)n • Carbon hydrate

  3. Trioses enantiomers

  4. D-Aldoses Containing Three, Four, Five, and Six Carbon Atoms

  5. D-Aldoses Containing Three, Four, Five, and Six Carbon Atoms

  6. D-Aldoses Containing Three, Four, Five, and Six Carbon Atoms

  7. D-Aldoses Containing Three, Four, Five, and Six Carbon Atoms

  8. D-Aldoses Containing Three, Four, Five, and Six Carbon Atoms

  9. D-Ketoses Containing Three, Four, Five, and Six Carbon Atoms

  10. D-Ketoses Containing Three, Four, Five, and Six Carbon Atoms

  11. D-Ketoses Containing Three, Four, Five, and Six Carbon Atoms

  12. Pyranose Formation

  13. Furanose Formation

  14. Ring Structures of Fructose • a: hydroxyl group attached to C-1 is below the plane of the ring. • b: hydroxyl group attached to C-1 is above the plane of the ring.

  15. Conformation of Pyranose and Furanose Rings • Pyranose and Furanose Rings are not planar.

  16. Chair and Boat Forms of b-D-glucopyranose • The chair form is more stable.

  17. Envelop Conformations of b-D-ribose • Four atoms are nearly coplanar and the fifth is about 0.5Å away from this plane. 5 5 3 4 4 2 3 1 1 2

  18. O-glycosidic bond and N-glycosidic bond NR2: N-glycosidic bond

  19. Modified Monosaccharides

  20. Modified Monosaccharides

  21. Modified Monosaccharides

  22. Modified Monosaccharides

  23. Maltose, a disaccharide

  24. Common Disaccharides (1) Sucrase fructose glucose

  25. Common Disaccharides (2) Lactase: in human beings b-galactosidase: in bacteria glucose galactose

  26. Common Disaccharides (3) Maltase glucose glucose

  27. Electron Micrograph of a Microvillus

  28. Polysaccharides • Large polymeric oligosaccharides • Play vital roles in energy storage and in maintaining the structural integrity of an organism. • If allof the monosaccharides are the same,these polymers are called homopolymers. • In animal cells: Glycogen • In plants: Starch • Amylose: the unbranched type • Amylopectin: the branched type

  29. Branch Point in Glycogen Once in 10 units (glycogen) Once in 30 units (starch)

  30. Starch and Glycogen • Starch:

  31. Cellulose • One of the most abundant organic compounds in the biosphere. • The major structural polymer of plants • Consists of linear chains of glucose units

  32. Glycosaminoglycans • A different kind of repeating polysaccharide is present on the animal cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. • Many glycosaminoglycans are made of disaccharides repeating units containing a derivative of an amino sugar, either glucosamine or galactosamine

  33. Repeating units in Glycosaminoglycans

  34. Repeating units in Glycosaminoglycans

  35. Repeating units in Glycosaminoglycans

  36. Repeating units in Glycosaminoglycans

  37. Repeating units in Glycosaminoglycans

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