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Exploring Values and Ethics in Healthcare

Delve into bioethics, ethical principles, and moral concepts in health care. Explore ethical theories, principles, and current issues in healthcare practice.

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Exploring Values and Ethics in Healthcare

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  1. CHAPTER 4QUESTIONS OF VALUES AND ETHICS

  2. INTRODUCTION

  3. In the beginning… • There were no antibiotics • There were no ICUs • There were no CT scanners and MRIs • There were just physicians and nurses who cared for people in sickness and in health

  4. 1960s • Technological advances allowed for the development of intensive care units • New biomedical developments • Advances in surgical techniques, such as open heart surgery

  5. New Questions • The advances created new questions for health-care professionals regarding the use of technology • The concepts of life and death

  6. Bioethics • A subdiscipline of ethics • The study of medical morality

  7. Concepts of Ethics • Values • Belief systems • Morality

  8. Value Systems • A set of related values • Intrinsic values • Extrinsic values • Personal values • Professional values

  9. Value Formation • Values are learned • Values change with maturity and experience • The number of values an individual holds is not as important as what values they consider important

  10. Values Clarification • Choosing • Prizing • Acting

  11. Belief Systems • These are organized ways of thinking about why people exist within the universe • Their purpose is to explain such concepts as: • Life and death • Good and evil • Health and illness

  12. ETHICS AND MORALS

  13. Morals • An individual’s own code for acceptable behavior • They arise from an individual’s conscience • They act as a guide for individual behavior • Learned

  14. Ethics • Ethics deals with the “rightness” or “wrongness” of human behavior • Concerned with the motivation behind the behavior • Bioethics is the application of these principles to life-and-death issues

  15. Ethical Theories • Deontological • Teleological • Principalism

  16. Ethical Principles • Autonomy • Nonmaleficence • Beneficence • Justice • Fidelity • Confidentiality • Veracity • Accountability

  17. Autonomy • The freedom to make decisions about oneself • Nurses need to respect clients’ rights to make choices about health care

  18. Nonmaleficence • Requires that no harm be caused to an individual, either unintentionally or deliberately • This principle requires nurses to protect individuals who are unable to protect themselves

  19. Beneficence • This principle means “doing good” for others • Nurses need to assist clients in meeting all their needs • Biological • Psychological • Social

  20. Justice • Every individual must be treated equally • This requires nurses to be nonjudgmental

  21. Fidelity • Loyalty • The promise to fulfill all commitments • The basis of accountability

  22. Confidentiality • Anything stated to nurses or health-care providers by clients must remain confidential • The only times this principle may be violated are: • If clients may indicate harm to themselves or others • If the client gives permission for the information to be shared

  23. Veracity • This principle implies “truthfulness” • Nurses need to be truthful to their clients • Veracity is an important component of building trusting relationships

  24. Accountability • Individuals need to be responsible for their own actions • Nurses are accountable to themselves and to their colleagues

  25. Ethical Codes • These are formal statements of the rules of behavior for a particular group of individuals • Ethical codes are dynamic • Most professions have a “code of ethics” to guide professional behavior

  26. Virtue Ethics • Focus on virtues or moral character • View helping others as charitable or benevolent

  27. Organizational Ethics • Focus on the workplace • Ethical culture makes a difference • Senior leadership must promote an ethical culture

  28. Ethical Dilemmas • Occur when a problem exists between ethical principles • Deciding in favor of one principle usually violates another • Both sides have “goodness” and “badness” associated with them

  29. Resolving Ethical Dilemmas

  30. Using the Nursing Process • Assessment • Planning • Implementation • Evaluation

  31. Approach to Ethical Dilemma

  32. Current Ethical Issues

  33. Issues to Consider • Assisted suicide • Technology issues • Gene therapies • “Designer babies” • Organizational climate

  34. Conclusion • An issue is not an ethical issue for the nurse unless he or she has been asked • Always gather the facts prior to decision-making • Consider your personal beliefs and values

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