1 / 26

OLDER CLIENTS AS AGGREGATE

OLDER CLIENTS AS AGGREGATE. Theories of Aging. Stochastic theories Genetic theories Psychological theories Sociological theories. Stochastic Theories.

bella
Download Presentation

OLDER CLIENTS AS AGGREGATE

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. OLDER CLIENTS AS AGGREGATE

  2. Theories of Aging • Stochastic theories • Genetic theories • Psychological theories • Sociological theories

  3. Stochastic Theories • Somatic mutation theory: Prolonged exposure to background radiation of several types results in cell mutations that eventually lead to death. • Error theory: Environmental changes interfere with cell function and protein synthesis, thus causing errors in reproduced cells.

  4. Genetic Theories - 1 • Neuroendocrine theory: Aging results from functional decrements in neurons and their hormones that are genetically programmed. • Intrinsic mutagenesis theory: A genetic constitution regulates the replication of genetic materials. Over time, regulatory activity diminishes, creating mutations in cells that result in the effects of aging.

  5. Genetic Theories - 2 • Immunologic theory: Aging is an autoimmune process in which the body perceives aging cells as foreign bodies and destroys them. • Free radical theory: Free radicals, metabolic by-products, accumulate over time to cause cell damage.

  6. Psychological Theories - 1 • Psychoanalytic theory: Aging is a time of developing self-awareness through reflective activity. • Interpersonal theory: The loss of interpersonal relationships over time results in a loss of interpersonal security and the consequent psychological aspects of aging.

  7. Psychological Theories - 2 • Human needs theory: Physical aging and environmental changes contribute to difficulty in meeting basic human needs, which leads to the psychological effects of aging. • Theory of psychosocial development: The degree of success in accomplishing prior developmental tasks influences the accomplishment of the tasks of the older adult.

  8. Sociological Theories - 1 • Disengagement theory: Older people begin a process of withdrawal from society that prevents social disruption when death occurs. • Activity theory: Older people continue their engagement with society and assume new roles and responsibilities.

  9. Sociological Theories - 2 • Continuity theory: One’s behavior becomes more predictable with age.

  10. Myths of Aging - 1 • Aging is a time of tranquility. • Senility is a universal experience of aging. • People become less productive with age. • Older people resist change. • Aging is a uniform process.

  11. Realities of Aging • Aging may cause more problems with fewer resources to deal with them. • Many older people retain mental acuity. • Older people continue to be productive, but avenues of productivity change. • Older people are no more resistant to change than younger people. • Aging is a variable process.

  12. Assessing Older ClientsGeneral Principles - 1 • Distinguish normal effects of aging from pathology. • Illnesses may have atypical presentations in the elderly. • Dysfunction in one system may cause problems in other systems.

  13. Assessing Older ClientsGeneral Principles - 2 • Older people have strengths as well as problems. • Older people may have experienced a variety of losses. • Communication difficulties may influence assessment.

  14. Biophysical Considerations • Maturation and aging • Retirement • Preparation for death • Physiologic function • Existing conditions • Functional ability • Immunity

  15. Psychological Considerations • Cognitive assessment • Response to stress • Affective assessment • Suicide potential

  16. Physical Environmental Considerations • Safety hazards in the home • Community safety hazards • Effects of weather, pollution, etc.

  17. Sociocultural Considerations • Social support • Family roles and responsibilities • Employment and occupation • Economic factors • Potential for abuse

  18. Behavioral Considerations • Diet (amount, type, preparation, etc.) • Physical activity and rest • Personal habits • Sexuality

  19. Health System Considerations • Access to health care • Preventive services • Source of care • Financing of health care

  20. Goals of Primary Prevention for Older Clients • Promoting healthy aging through • Selection of important aspects of life • Optimization in use of available resources • Compensation for lost abilities • Promoting self-care

  21. Primary Prevention • Nutrition • Hygiene • Safety • Immunization • Rest and exercise • Maintaining independence • Life resolution and preparation for death

  22. Secondary Prevention - 1 • Skin breakdown • Constipation • Urinary incontinence • Sensory loss • Mobility limitation • Pain • Confusion • Depression

  23. Secondary Prevention - 2 • Social isolation • Abuse and neglect • Alcohol abuse • Inadequate financial resources • Chronic illness • Communicable diseases • Advocacy

  24. Tertiary Prevention • Preventing complications of existing problems • Preventing recurrence of problems • Providing end-of-life care to clients and families

  25. Health Education for Older Clients • Circumvent sensory losses • Repeat material frequently • Proceed at a slower pace • Set realistic, attainable goals • Limit the length of teaching sessions • Break learning into discrete tasks

  26. Evaluation Considerations • Some problems may be the result of aging and not amenable to complete resolution. • The prognosis for one problem may be influenced by the occurrence or status of other problems. • Some problems may diminish while others increase. • Deterioration may result in additional problems.

More Related