Anthropology and Prehistoric Times

1. Anthropology and Prehistoric Times

2. What’s a Theory? • The analysis of a set of facts and their relation to one another • A scientifically acceptable principle offered to explain something

3. Two Evolution Theories • Creationism • Theory that the various forms of life and the world were created by God

4. Evolution • The idea that different species developed, one from another, over long periods of time.

5. Anthropology • The study of humans in the environment • Physical Anthropology • The study of human biological nature, heredity, abd evolution.

6. Cultural Anthropology • The study of how people in other societies live, and the effects that environments have on their life styles. • Archeology: Branch of anthropology that attempts to find out what life was like in the past by examining things left behind by the people of a culture.

7. Early Discoveries

8. Stages of Early Human Development 1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE Paleolithic Age:( Old Stone Age ) 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE 2. 1,500,000 BCE -- 250,000 BCE 3. 250,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE 4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE

9. The Paleolithic Age • “Paleolithic”--> “Old Stone” Age • 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE • Made tools • hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of 20-30 humans • NOMADIC (moving from place to place)

10. Stage 1 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE • Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans. • Australopithecines • An Apposable Thumb

11. Stage 1 • HOMO HABILIS( “Man of Skills” ) • found in East Africa. • created stone tools.

12. The Paleolithic Age • Humans during this period found shelter in caves. • Cave paintings left behind. Purpose??

13. Stage 2 1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE • HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” ) • BIPEDALISM • Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology • First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia. • First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )

14. Differing Human Migration Theories Are we all Africans “under the skin”????

15. Stage 3 200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE HOMO SAPIENS( “Wise Human Being” ) Neanderthals( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) Cro-Magnons( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

16. Stage 3 NEANDERTHALS: • Neander Valley, Germany (1856) • First humans to bury their dead. • Made clothes from animal skins. • Lived in caves and tents.

17. Stage 3 NEANDERTHALS Early Hut/Tent

18. Stage 3 CRO-MAGNONs: • Homo sapiens sapiens( “Wise, wise human” ) • By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals. WHY???

19. Homo sapiens sapiens in Europe

20. The Last Ice Age 70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

21. The Neolithic Age • “Neolithic”“New Stone” Age • 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE • Gradual shift from: Nomadic lifestyle settled, stationery lifestyle. Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

22. The Agricultural Revolution • 8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE • Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. • SLASH-AND-BURN Farming Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

23. Early Settled Communities • Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations. • More permanent, settled communities emerged. • 9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement atJARMO( northern Iraq ) wheat

24. Early Settled Communities • 8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement atÇatal Hüyük( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants • 12 cultivated crops • Division of labor • Engaged in trade • Organized religion An obsidian dagger • Small military