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Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 141, GR – 57400 , GREECE

EMISSION OF URBAN TRANSPORT JOHN TRIANDAFYLLIS PROFESSOR IP: ENERGY EFFICIENT AND ECOLOGICAL URBAN TRANSPORT OF THE FUTURE 3-16 April 2011. Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 141, GR – 57400 , GREECE e-mail: jtriand@vt.teithe.gr. EMISSION SOURCES.

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Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 141, GR – 57400 , GREECE

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  1. EMISSION OF URBAN TRANSPORTJOHN TRIANDAFYLLISPROFESSORIP: ENERGY EFFICIENT AND ECOLOGICAL URBAN TRANSPORT OF THE FUTURE 3-16 April 2011 Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 141, GR – 57400, GREECE e-mail: jtriand@vt.teithe.gr

  2. EMISSION SOURCES • Emission from urban transport occurs while the automobile or train or lawnmower or recreational boat or motorcycle • is moving through the traffic [from Combustion products] • is stationary (parked) [through fuel evaporation and fuel leaks] • Emission from the inside environment of the vehicle • Emission in the city air/ground/water from fuel leaks from the fuel storage tanks. • Emission in the work environment • Related to occupation (traffic police, license examiners, operators of heavy equipment, bus drivers, train personnel) • Related to work area (garages, fuel stations) Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  3. Emission products • Regulated Combustion products CO, HC, NOx , Particulate Matter • Unregulated Combustion Products CO2 , O3 , PAH, BTEX • Noise [it is not a combustion product but occurs during combustion] Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  4. EMISSION STANDARDS Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

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  7. CO EMISSION STANDARD Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  8. HC EMISSION STANDARD Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  9. PM EMISSION STANDARD Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  10. CO EMISSION • A product of incomplete combustion, especially in cold weather. • In urban areas, the motor vehicle contribution to CO pollution is over 90%. • It is colorless, odorless and poisonous. It enters the bloodstream through the lungs and inhibits the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen to organs and tissues. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  11. CO EMISSION Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  12. CO EMISSION BY SOURCE Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  13. CO EMISSION BY SOURCE • On-road mobile Non-road mobile Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  14. CO EMISSION • To reduce it: • Annual maintenance inspections. • On-board warning devices about the car’s emission control systems. • Oxygenated fuel during the winter months. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  15. HC EMISSION • A product of incomplete combustion and fuel evaporation. • A key component of smog, ground-level ozone is formed by reactions of HC and NOx in the presence of sunlight. • Some HC are considered toxic, causing cancer. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  16. HC EMISSION BY SOURCE Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  17. HC EMISSION BY SOURCE • On-road mobile Non-road mobile Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  18. NOX EMISSION • It is produced when fuel burns at high temperatures. • A key component of smog, ground-level ozone is formed by reactions of HC and NOx in the presence of sunlight. • They can travel long distances from their sources. • They contribute to the formation of PM through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  19. NOX EMISSION BY SOURCE Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  20. NOX EMISSION BY SOURCE • On-road mobile Non-road mobile Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  21. PM EMISSION • Both on-road and non-road mobile sources emit fine particulate matter. • Diesel-powered vehicles and engines contribute more than half the mobile source particulate emissions. • They can travel long distances from their sources. • Health effects include asthma, difficult or painful breathing, and chronic bronchitis, especially in children and the elderly. Fine particulate matter associated with diesel exhaust is also thought to cause lung cancer. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  22. PM EMISSION BY SOURCE Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  23. PM EMISSION BY SOURCE • On-road mobile Non-road mobile Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  24. PM EMISSION • There are primary PM10 particles emitted directly in the atmosphere and there are secondary PM10 particles which are formed as a result of photochemical reactions from NOx, SO2 and NH3. • In 2007 transport accounted for 30% of PM in Europe. • There has been in transport a decrease of PM by 38% from 1990 to 2007. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  25. PM EMISSION Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  26. PM EMISSION Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  27. PM EMISSION Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  28. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS CO2 • All nations are CO2 polluters; some more, some less. • It is interesting to know that the worst polluters in CO2 quantities do not have the greatest number of citizens. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

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  30. CO2 per capita Source: World Resources Institute, 2003; as depicted in www.NationMaster.com Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  31. Total CO2 per country Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  32. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS CO2 • Cars account for 20% of total European CO2 emission. • The 1995 goal was set to 120g/km of CO2 emission by 2012. This corresponds to 4,5 lt/100 km for diesel cars and 5 lt/100 km for petrol cars. • In December 2007 the goal was set to a new car fleet average of 130g/km by 2012. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  33. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS CO2 • Limit value curve: • The limit value curve implies that heavier cars are allowed higher emissions than lighter cars while preserving the overall fleet average. • Manufacturers will be given a target based on the sales-weighted average mass of their vehicles. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  34. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS CO2 • Final deal in December 2008: • Phasing-in of requirements: in 2012 65% of each manufacturer's new cars must comply on average with the value of 120g/km. This will rise to 75% in 2013, 80% in 2014, and 100% in 2015. • The goal of 130g/km will be achieved by better tires or use of biofuels. • Long-term target: a target of 95g/km is specified for the year 2020. The modalities for reaching this target and the aspects of its implementation will have to be defined in a review to be completed no later than the beginning of 2013. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  35. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS CO2 Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  36. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS CO2 Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  37. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS CO2 Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  38. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS Ozone - O3 • Ozone in the upper atmosphere occurs naturally and protects life on earth by filtering ultraviolet radiation from the sun. • Ozone at ground level is a noxious pollutant. It is the major component of smog. • It is responsible for the choking, coughing, and stinging eyes associated with smog. • It causes respiratory diseases. • It inhibits plant growth. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  39. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS Ozone - O3 • Ozone is formed in the atmosphere through a complex set of chemical reactions involving sunlight and ozone precursors (HC, NOx, CH4 and NMVOC). • Very high levels of O3 occur on hot summer days. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  40. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS Ozone - O3 Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  41. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS Ozone - O3 Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  42. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS Ozone - O3 Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  43. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS Ozone - O3 • Ozone levels can be reduced by: • Improved emission control systems in cars. • Use of lower volatility gasoline. • Improved annual state inspections of cars. Problem: few very “dirty cars”. • Reduce driving. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  44. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS - PAH • Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are potent pollutants and occur in oil, coal and tar deposits, and are produced as byproducts of fuel burning (fossil fuel or biomass). Also, they are found in cooked foods (barbecuing meat or smoked fish). • Some are carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  45. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS - PAH • Because of their affinity to mix with oil as opposed to water, they are found primarily in soil and sediment and not in water or air. However, they may be part of suspended PM in air. • They are also formed by incomplete combustion of wood, coal, diesel, fat, tobacco and incense. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  46. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS - PAH Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  47. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS - PAH • The most potent carcinogens have been shown to be benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene. • The semi-volatile property of PAHs makes them highly mobile throughout the environment via deposition and re- volatilisation between air, soil and water bodies. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  48. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS - BTEX • BTEX stands for Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylenes. They are found in gasoline. • They affect the central nervous system. • They can contaminate the soil and groundwater near fuel storage areas by leaking. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  49. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS - BTEX • BTEX can be emitted to the air when gasoline evaporates or passes through the engine as unburned fuel. • High octane gasoline contains a larger amount of BTEX. • Other Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) that are products of incomplete combustion: • Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, diesel PM and 1,3-butadiene. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

  50. UNREGULATED EMISSIONS - BTEX • To reduce BTEX emission: • Lower gasoline volatility. • Reformulated gasoline. • Lower sulfur content in diesel. • More efficient catalytic converters. • Annual state inspection of cars. • Use of alternative fuels: • Alchohols, natural gas, propane, biofuels, electricity. Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki

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