Two Societies at War

1. Two Societies at War Chapter 13

2. The Early Stalemate Section 1

3. Taking Sides • The decision of border states was crucial • VA, TN & NC went CSA, RE Lee resigned from US Army • WV broke away with Union, DE went Union, ML forced, CA and OR go Union • KY and MO claimed by CSA • July 4 Lincoln calls for the rebellion to be crushed • Union seizes railroad junction at Manassas, VA then is embarrassingly beaten back (Bull Run) • McClellan given command of 100,000-strong Army of the Potomac

7. Early Battles 1862 • McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign is slow attacking Richmond • Stonewall moves on Washington, McClellan divides forces—Lee takes command for Johnston • Battle of 7 Days 30,000 casualties • Lincoln orders retreat • August 1862 Lee goes on offensive and attacks ML • 2nd Manassas • Antietam: 30,000 casualties • McClellan continues to hesitate with superior forces and not pursue Lee

9. Early Western Theater • Union moves to control major rivers • Grant makes gains at Fort Donelson, meets Beauregard at Shiloh, TN • 2 day battle was a Union victory at great cost • NOLA falls and is occupied • Union seizes lower Miss. River Dealing with Beast Butler

11. Politics of Emancipation • 5 Days after Antietam, Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation—signed New Year’s Day • Left slavery in tact in border states and Union-controlled CSA territory • Took War to a higher plane—freedom • Democrats took the midterms of 1862, Rep. kept 1 seat majority in House

12. Lee Rises to Brilliance • Lee wins huge victories: • At Fredericksburg (Dec 1862) they crush attacking troops from the hills taunting them • Union has a ¼ troop advantage • Union takes 3X the casualties • At Chancellorsville (May 1863) Lee and Jackson split forces to attack vulnerable flanks defeating “Fighting” Joe Hooker—McClellan’s replacement • Considered to be Lee’s finest work

13. Total War Section 2

14. Modern Warfare • Telegraph allowed instant communication • Railroads could move troops and supplies hundreds of miles in a day • Ironclad ships made old navies obsolete • Muskets firing minie balls were accurate at 500 yards • Large artillery allowed long range attacks and support with few to no casualties • Few commanders adopted new tactics • Massed frontal assaults produced huge casualties

15. Life During Wartime • Both sides passed drafts by 1863 • Lincoln jailed resisters, south exempted plantation families • Draft riots in NYC • Alternates could be hired • Diseases took ¼ million soldiers • 200,000 women volunteered for the Sanitary Commission and Freedmen’s aid Society • Dorthea Dix appt. superintendent of nurses • Few hospitals at the beginning, CSA worse off • Clara Barton organized field hospitals at some of the largest battles

16. Foreign Affairs • South sought recognition from Britain and France • CSA placed voluntary embargo on selling cotton • Bought Enfield rifles from Britain • Took loans from Britain • Union halted foreign ships with CSA officials onboard almost kicking off another war • Trent Affair • Antietam and Emancipation kept Britain out

18. Picking Up the Tab • Union spent $63m in 1860, nearly $1b in 1864 • Taxes paid 1/5 of cost, bonds 2/3 • Southerners rejected taxes, bonds, etc. • Jay Cook became rich selling bonds • Both sides printed the money they needed • Union currency became the green back • CSA overprinted and saw inflation rise 92X its 1861 level • Financial measures of the Union created the modern financial state • Shortages led to riots (VA, AL)

19. Slavery and the War • 1861 Contraband Act allowed Union to confiscate slaves • 2nd Contraband Act declared seized slaves free • 1862 Wilmot Proviso was enacted banning slavery in federal territories • Douglass urged Lincoln to take public the debate on slavery • Emancipation signed 1863 • ML & MO abolished slavery in their constitutions • 13th Amendment adopted Jan. 13 1865

20. Leadership

21. The Turning Point • Grant’s year-long siege of Vicksburg broke in the summer of 1863 • July 4 the starved city surrendered splitting the CSA in two • Lee responded by attacking north to draw forces • Army of Northern VA met the Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg, PA (nearly 150,000+ soldiers) • New Union General Meade faced Lee • 3 day battle was likely the most decisive of the war

25. Victory and Defeat Section 3

26. Gettysburg • 1st day Federals are pushed through the town and dig into a series of hills • 2nd day they barely repel several attacks on their flank • 3rdday Lee pounds the weak center, sends JEB Stuart around behind and orders a massive frontal assault on the center • Picket’s Charge—2/3 don’t return • Lee retreats July 4 suffering 1/3 of army in casualties • July 4 the tactical turning point of the war

27. Gettysburg

29. Black Troops • By 1862 NE, SC, LA and KS had black regiments • 1st SC Volunteers, 54th MA • By 1865 near 200,000 had served • Units were segregated • Many units were used solely as labor • Many paid less

30. Grant Takes Over • 1864 Grant given supreme command • Agreed with Lincoln that caution had prolonged war • 2 Pronged Proposal: • Grant doggedly pursues Lee • Sherman invades GA • Battle of Wilderness, Spotsylvania,Cold Harbor Grant’s huge army takes massive casualties • (10 – 20,000 per battle) • Siege of Petersburg opens to attack Richmond—stalls • Sheridan burns the Shenandoah valley

31. The Overland Campaign

32. In the Nick of Time • Lincoln renominated as 1st sitting president to seek reelection during a civil war • Ran as National Union Party with a southern Democrat as VP—Andrew Johnson • Democrats ran Gen. McClellan who • Rejected black freedom and promised immediate armistice • In Sept. Atlanta fell to a focused Sherman • Lincoln won 55% of the vote • Rep. and National Union candidates swept the House

34. Sherman and Total War • "Until we can repopulate Georgia, it is useless to occupy it: but the utter destruction of its roads, houses and people will cripple their military resources. By attempting to hold the roads we will lose a thousand men monthly, and will gain no result. I can make the march and make Georgia howl. ...” • “You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it; and those who brought war into our country deserve all the curses and maledictions a people can pour out.”

35. March to Hell • Instead of following retreating Confeds from ATL to TN, Sherman sought to cut GA in half • On 300 mile march his army devoured the countryside • Slaves left plantations following the army • Reached Sav. And offered city to Lincoln as Christmas present • Turned north to support Grant at Petersburg burning SC along the way

37. The End and New Beginning • Siege of Petersburg lasted 9 months (June 64 – April 65) • took 70,000 • saw Lee’s army worn out • Precipitated the fall of Richmond (April 3) by cutting supply lines • 6 days later Lee was cornered at Appomattox Courthouse and surrendered to Grant • The terms were generous

38. A War’s Confusing Conclusion • April 14 Lincoln assassinated by Booth • Jefferson Davis Arrested • No trials for treason • War cost nearly 618,000 lives with casualties near 1 million • South was materially devastated • Slavery ended • 4 million slaves freed • Constitution provided no road map for reintegration