Disturbance -Based Management

1. Disturbance-Based Management • Pattern and complexity • Stand age class distributions • Patch distributions: type, size, • shape, and continuity • Habitat representation • Historic range of variability • Landscape-Level • Stand-Level • Vertical structure • Horizontal structure • Cohorts • Tree age class distributions • Biological legacies

5. Structural Change Through Stand Development Figure adapted from Franklin and Spies (1991).

6. Recovery facilitated by biological legacies at Mount St. Helens Photos courtesy of Jerry F. Franklin, University of Washington

7. Large-scale Windthrow: Hurricanes Fine-scale Windthrow Ice Storms Insect and Pathogens Outbreaks

8. Coarse Woody Debris in Northern Hardwood Forests • Habitat • Nitrogen Fixation • Soil organic matter • Mycorrhizal fungi • Nurse logs • Erosion reduction • Riparian functions Even-aged Single-tree Selection Old-Growth Figure from McGee et al. (1999)

10. Teakettle Ecosystem Experiment Forest Ecosystem Research Network

11. Variable Retention Harvest System 0 % 20 % Retention at Harvest 80 % 20 % 100 % 80 % Removal at Harvest 1 Entries per Rotation 2 - 3 4 or more Even-aged (1 class) Multi-aged (2-3 classes) Age Classes Uneven-aged (4 or more classes) Figure from Franklin et al. (1997)

13. “Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options”

14. Weyerhaeuser Co. Variable Retention Adaptive Management (VRAM) Experiment

15. Weyerhaeuser Co. Variable Retention Forestry in B.C.

16. VRAM

17. Year 0 Year 15

18. Long-Term Implications ?

19. What have we learned about natural disturbance effects? • Scale and frequency of disturbance

20. Mimicking scale and frequency of disturbances Figures from Seymour et al. 2002

21. Historical Range of Variability HRV Figure from Aplet and Keeton (1999)

22. Hurricane Scale: Small Watershed HRV Hurricanes Scale: Drainage Basin HRV Scale: Region HRV Source: Aplet and Keeton (1999)

23. Historical Range of Variability 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Proportion of Landscape in Early-Succession 0.4 0.3 0.2 HRV 0.1 0 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 Year Figure modified from Aplet and Keeton (1999) using data from Cogbill (2000)

24. What have we learned about natural disturbance effects? • Coarse-woody debris: snags and downed wood

25. Coarse Woody Debris in Northern Hardwood Forests • Habitat • Nitrogen Fixation • Soil organic matter • Mycorrhizal fungi • Nurse logs • Erosion reduction • Riparian functions Even-aged Single-tree Selection Old-Growth Figure from McGee et al. (1999)

26. What have we learned about natural stand development? • Importance of large trees as structural elements

27. Crown Release to Increase the Representation of Large Trees Full crown release Partial crown release 60 No release DBH (cm) 30 150 300 Age (Years) Data from Singer and Lorimer (1997)

28. What have we learned about natural stand development? • Vertical complexity • Horizontal complexity

29. Structural Complexity Index (Zenner 2000) A) B) = Ratio of 3D area in A to 2D area in B

30. Uneven-aged Forestry • Single-tree selection • Group selection • BDq prescriptions are based on the desired: • residual basal area • maximum dbh • q-factor

31. Single-Tree Selection Prescription for Mt. Mansfield Unit 4: q-factor of 1.3, maximum diameter of 24", and residual basal area of 80 ft2/acre # Stems per Acre Diameter Class in Inches

32. Diameter Distributions Figure from Goodburn and Lorimer (1999)

33. Unbalanced Diameter Distributions: • Density-dependent mortality reduced with fewer stems in smaller size classes • Equal allocation of growing space not found consistently Figure from Goodburn and Lorimer (1999)

34. Multi-modal distributions due to old-tree legacy Figure from Seymour 2005

35. Rotated Sigmoid Diameter Distribution • Often found in old-growth northern hardwoods and mixed-woods • Varies with disturbance history, stand composition, and competitive dynamics • Theoretical silvicultural utility proposed (O’Hara 1999, Leak 2003); tested experimentally by Keeton (2005). # of Trees Shift in basal area allocation to larger size classes Diameter Class

36. Yield vs. Big Tree Structure in Northern Hardwoods Selection harvest + old-growth structure after multiple cutting cycles Maximized volume production Maximized large sawtimber volume and value growth 50 cm max. 80-100 cm max. 40 cm max. Data from Hansen and Nyland (1987) Data from Goodburn and Lorimer (1999)

37. An Alternative: Multi-aged Silviculture • Recognizes that “reverse J” is limiting • Other stand structures are sustainable • Ecological functions more closely associated with canopy structure • All-aged stands exceedingly rare in actuality • Management based on the desired number of canopies provides a better alternative • Set objectives based on canopy strata  two-aged and multi-aged are possibilities

38. Multi-aged distributions resulting from multiple disturbances Trees/ha Diameter Class

39. Growing space allocation approaches • Leaf area index • Stand density index • MASAM model (O’Hara 1998)

40. Conversion to Multi-Aged or Multi-Canopied Understory growth Overstory growth High High Shift in growing space from one strata to another also shifts growth increment Understory Overstory Low Low 0 50 100 Overstory growing space occupied (%) Figure from O’Hara (1998)

41. Managing for Canopy Strata • Fewer and longer cutting cycles • Management across multiple spatial scales • Need combination of single and multi-layered stands to maximize biodiversity potential

42. Scale Landscape Climatic zone Watershed slope, orientation, altitude Watershed Stand Agricultural land, roads Barren, semi-barren, Poor soils, slow growing species Initial Forest Conditions Temperature, precipitation Waterways Non-forested Scale Landscape Age structure, composition, configuration, roads, bird monitoring Distance to seed trees, age and species of seed trees % watershed harvested, dissolved P and C, transparency Watershed Triad Stand Rotation period, geology, stand type, harvesting method mineral soil, stocking and growth of seedlings, compétition Status quo Multiple pass Partial cutting Government standards Modelling elements Initial dynamic conditions Intial static conditions Unproductive Marginal Productive Climate Meteorology Topography Geology Hydrology Mode of deposition GPM type Geomorphology Forested land Independant Dynamic processes Scale Fire Epidemics Windthrow Landscape Watershed Stand Size, Intensity, Frequency Size, Intensity, Frequency Size Natural disturbances Sustainable forest management Management scenarios Imposed Soils Regeneration Biodiversity Aquatic Harvesting scenarios Constraints expressed in terms of indicators

43. Indicators of biodiversity • Crit1: Maintenance of ecosystem diversity • Ind1.1: Age structure of the forest (P) • Ind1.2: Forest species composition (P) • Ind1.3: Configuration of the forest (P) • Crit2: Maintenance of species diversity • Ind2.1: Road density (P) • Ind2.1: Monitoring bird populations (M)

44. Ind1.1: Age class structure 100 year forest rotation 100 year fire cycle Proposed age class distribution for managed forest

45. Extended Rotations 300 Mean annual increment Cubic ft./acre/year Periodic annual increment 0 10 100 Stand age

46. Advantages of extended rotations: • Reduced land area in regeneration and early-development stages, hence: • Reduced visual impacts • Lower regeneration and respacing costs • Less need for herbicides, slash burning, etc. • Reducing frequency of intense disturbance • Large tree and higher-quality wood • Adjust precently unbalanced age distributions • Higher quality habitat for species associated with late-successional forest structure • Hydrologic benefits • Increased carbon stock associated with increased net biomass/larger growing stock • Preservation of options for future adaptive management

47. Landscape Management System (LMS)